ERNEST RUTHERFORD AND RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC MODEL
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Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, in New Zealand.
He was a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson, the man who discovered
the electron.
He became a professor of physics at McGill University in Montreal and then at Manchester.
In 1919, he was elected Cavendish professor of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge.
In the early years of his work ,Rutherford found that all radioactive elements emitted two kinds of
radiation.
In 1901, he found that when the radioactive element emitted an alpha or beta particle, it
spontaneously turned into a different element.
In the early years of his work ,Rutherford found that all radioactive elements emitted two kinds of
radiation.
In 1901, he found that when the radioactive element emitted an alpha or beta particle, it
spontaneously turned into a different element.
From the experiment, he was able to deduce that atoms have a central core, which he called the
nucleus and the particles that bounced back directly hit on the nucleus.
Rutherford concluded that an atom must consist of a minute but dense nucleus, surrounded by space
in which electrons orbit. His atomic model's structure, likened into a planet, became known as
Rutherford Planetary Model.
Rutherford modelled that the atom was like a miniature solar system: the electrons circled the
nucleus in wide orbits just as planets orbit the sun.
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Among his awards were the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908, the Order of Merit (OM) in 1925,
and a peerage in 1931.
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He died on October 19, 1937, aged 66
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger
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Born on August 12, 1887, in Wien
He attended the University of Wien.
PhD in physics and a position with the university.
A chair in theoretical physics at the University of Zurich in Switzerland in 1921.
In 1933, he began to work at Oxford University and share the Nobel Prize with Paul Dirac.
In 1961, he died.
Schrödinger's model allowed the electron to occupy three-dimensional space.
The principal (n), angular (l), and magnetic (m) quantum numbers.
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He generated an equation:
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The first person to write down such a wave equation.
Shows all of the wave like properties of matter and was one of greatest achievements of 20th
century science.
Used in physics and most of chemistry to deal with problems about atomic structure
He died in 1961.
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Schrödinger's Cat
On June 7 of 1935, he published the Schöringer’s cat thought experiment that is the most
famous paradoxes in quantum theory:
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The cat's fate is tied to the wave function of the atom.
The atom is in a superposition of decayed and undecayed states.
Thus, the cat must itself be in a superposition of dead and alive states.
This experiment is called quantum indeterminacy or the observer's paradox.
The observation or measurement itself affects an outcome.
There is no single outcome unless it is observed
John Dalton
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English, 1766-1844
Chemist, meteorologist and physicist
Careful study of Red – Green color blindness
Atomic theory, gas law, atomic weight
All matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms.
 Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
 Atoms of the same element are identical to one another in mass and other properties.
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Atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds.
Atoms of an element are not changed into atoms of a different element by chemical reactions
Dalton was even the first to make an attempt at creating a table of atomic weights
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the discovery of nuclear fission and fusion
Isotopes
Atoms are not empty, there are empty spaces in atoms.
MARIE CURIE
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She was born in Warsaw, Poland, 1867
She became a student in Sarbone in Faculty of Science
She graduated from both mathematic and physics departments
In 1896 she began to investigate the gleams that is caused by uranium and named it as
radioactivity,
 She was the first person use to term ‘radioactivity’
 In 1989 she realized that torium also emits radiations
 She reached the result that :
Radioctivity is not the interaction between molecules or new shapes of molecules as in
chemical reaction, it must come from the atom itself
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During her experiment she found out that there are two more different minerals of uranium that
are active,
She got Radyum and Polonyum from these minerals
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Polonyum is given for the honor of Poland her hometown
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In 1903 Nobel Prize in the era of Physics
In 1906 after her husband’s death she became regious professor in Sorbonne
In 1908 she became the first female professor in Sorbonne
In 1911 Nobel Prize in the era of Chemistry
In 1921 she got 1 gr of radium as a prize from the president of the U.S. Warren Harding on
behalf of American women.
She was the first woman ta won Nobel prize and also the first person who won Nobel Prize
twice.
But she exposed the gender discrimination even though her success in the area of science.
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Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
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Born on 8 February 1834 in Verhniye Aremzyani Russian Empire
Known for inventing the Periodic table of chemical elements
Professor of Chemistry: 1863 Saint Petersburg Technological Institute &
Saint Petersburg State University
Honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including the Copley Medal from the
Royal Society of London,
1894, He formulate new standard of vodka, at 40% alcohol by volume
He wrote each element and its chief properties on a separate card and began to lay these out in
various patterns.
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His most notable successes were with eka aluminium (= Gallium) and eka-silicon (=
germanium).
first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology,
certain branches of chemical technology (petroleum,explosives)
J. J. THOMSON
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Thomson: (1897) Atom is not indivisible on the contrary to what John Dalton said but like a
jigsaw puzzle made of smaller particles in this model
Thomson: the stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate
So, this stream = pieces of atoms that carried a negative charge
They were named “corpuscles” but now, they are called electrons
Also known as “chocolate chip cookie model” or “blueberry muffin model”
Thomson’s paper published March,1904 in Philosophical Magazine:
…the atoms of the elements consist of a number of negatively electrified electrons enclosed in a
sphere of uniform positive electrification,…
PLUM PUDDING MODEL
Name comes from negatively charged “plum”s, surrounded by positively charged “pudding”s
Thales
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Lived about 600’s b.c.
Acoording to Heredotus’ history: Thales predicted the eclipse of the sun.
Thales: the primary building blocks of all things to be water.
Therefore, he thought “things” as varying forms of one primary and ultimate element.
However, he actually suggested the same working hypothesis of modern atomic theory that all things are
made up of atoms.
Based on this, many claim that Thales is the father of both philosophy and physics
Werner Heisenberg
Was born on 5th December, 1901, at Würzburg.
From 1924 until 1925 he worked with Niels Bohr, at the University of Copenhagen.
In 1927, when he was only 26, he was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of
Leipzig.
It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty principle.
For this theory and the applications of it which resulted especially in the discovery of allotropic
forms of hydrogen, Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932.
His new theory was based only on what can be observed, that is to say, on the radiation emitted by the
atom.
We cannot, he said, always assign to an electron a position in space at a given time, nor follow it in its
orbit, so that we cannot assume that the planetary orbits postulated by Niels Bohr actually exist.
In 1941, he tried to convince Bohr to develop and construct a nuclear bomb to support Germany, but
because of moral reasons Bohr did not except.
Uncertainty Principle
states that certain pairs of physical properties, like position and momentum, cannot both be known to
arbitrary precision.
That is, the more precisely one property is known, the less precisely the other can be known.
According to Heisenberg its meaning is that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the
position and velocity of an electron or any other particle with any degree of accuracy or certainty.