THE BIBLE AS LITERATURE
WHAT MAKES UP THE BIBLE?

The Bible in the West includes the Hebraic and
Christian scriptures, respectively the Old and
New Testaments.
 Jews
accept the Old Testament as their
foundational text.
 Christians broaden that outlook to include
both the Old and New Testaments.
•
Accepting the scriptures as the revealed word of the
Lord is a matter of faith, and systematic analysis of
the scriptures is theological interpretation, which
results in a code of beliefs called religion.
1.WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO READ THE BIBLE
“AS LITERATURE”?
Even if divinely inspired (“The Word of God)
the Bible is still a product of human
beings written for human audiences.
The book is a collection of writings
produced by real people who lived in
actual historical times.

THE AUTHORS
Came from a variety of social positions and
professions:
Kings
Shepherds
Doctor
A Tax Collector
Fishermen
CONTENTS OF THE BIBLE
--The Bible is the common heritage of us all, whatever our religious beliefs.
--The Bible contains various literary forms written for a variety of purposes:
It contains genealogies, laws, letters, royal decrees, instructions for building,
prayers, proverbial wisdom, prophetic messages, historical narratives,
tribal lists, archival data, ritual regulations, and information about personal
problems
Poetry-Prayers-Short Stories- Novels- Gospels
EACH BIBLE STORY HAS CULTURAL
SIGNIFICANCE
Aeitiological
Charter
Instructional
AEITIOLOGICAL



Explains how concrete ‘objects’ or abstract
‘concepts’ that exist in the world came to
be.
Concrete (Physical) things: Sun, Rain, Bears
Abstract (Conceptual) things: Justice, Sin, Shame
CHARTER

Explains how religious
rites, rituals and
ceremonies came into
existence.





Marriage
Bar Mitzvah
Baptism
Sacrifice
Circumcision
INSTRUCTIONAL

Teaches a community or
individuals how to
behave appropriately




Obey God
Obey your elders
Don’t sleep with your
brother’s wife
Don’t drink water that
has a dead moose in it
2.WHAT IS THE BIBLE ABOUT?
The structure
--The Bible as an anthology--a set of
selections produced over a period of
some one thousand years.
*The Old Testament (39 books)
*The New Testament (27 books)

*The Old Testament (39 books)
timeline: creation of the universe and of
mankind to the end of BC
subject: history of Israel
original language: Hebrew
*The New Testament (27 books)
timeline: AD to the end of the world
subject: life of Jesus
original language: Greek
AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR PARTS OF
THE BIBLE--EACH WITH ITS DISTINCTIVE
LITERARY FEATURES:

OLD TESTAMENT
 Pentateuch
 Historical
Books
 Wisdom Books
 Prophetic Books

NEW TESTAMENT
 The
Gospels (Historical and Wisdom)
 Travel Literature (Historical)
 Epistolary Literature (Historical)
 Apocalyptic Literature (Prophetic)
THE PENTATEUCH

Called the Pentateuch, the first five books of
the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers,
and Deuteronomy), also called the Torah by the
Jews, contain numerous literary forms:
 In
Genesis, the story of Creation is a literary
catalogue distinguished by classification and
division and by incremental repetition.

The Pentateuch, continued: contain
numerous literary forms:
 In
Genesis Continued: In the first stage or day
of Creation, the narrator recounts that God
created light, divided it from darkness, and
classified the light as day and the darkness
as night.
 The narrator follows the same pattern in
describing subsequent days of Creation.
Accordingly, God separates the earth from
the sea, then creates the respective
creatures dwelling on land and in the water.
TEST ITEMS/CHARACTERS - OLD TESTAMENT
“Creation” – numbers (next lecture)
“In the Garden”- Adam and Eve
“The First Murder” – Cain and Abel
“The Great Flood” – Noah and symbols
“Babel” – Theme
“Abraham: A Promise and a Test”- Abraham,
Sarah, Hagar, Ishmael, Isaac, Holy Messenger
TEST ITEMS CONTINUED
“Jacob”- (also known as Israel), Isaac, Esau
 “Joseph” – Dreams, Joseph, Coat of many
colors
 “Moses: The Calling” – Moses, Aaron, Burning
bush, numbers
 “Moses: Challenging Pharaoh” – the Plagues,
Passover, Red Sea, Miracles in the Desert

TEST ITEMS
“Samson”- Samson and Delilah
 “David” – David, Goliath, Bathsheeba
 “Jonah”- Numbers, Symbols,
 “Job”- Theme, Theodicy, Comforters
 “Daniel”- Daniel, Darius, Dreams, Symbols

STORY OF ADAM AND EVE IN THE GARDEN
Remember to use images Do NOT use many words in your presentation

ARCHETYPAL MESSAGE/THEME/LESSON
Three Major Themes:
Man can be easily
tempted toward Sin.
Man must know his place
before God and show
appropriate deference
for authority.
Disobedience is punished!
THE CARETAKER
THE HERO, TEMPTRESS,
THE OUTCAST
ARCHETYPAL CHARACTERS
ARCHETYPAL
IMAGES/SYMBOLS/SETTINGS

Paradise
• The Apple
• Serpent
CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
The story of Adam and Eve in the
Garden is Aetiological helping to
explain how sin and temptation
came into the world.
 This is also a charter story that
helps to explain marriage.
 Finally, the story is instructional
in that it teaches human beings
subservience to God.

“THE GREAT FLOOD”




Similar to the
Gilgamesh narrative.
Differs in the motivation
behind the cause.
Differs in the
construction.
The pattern of God’s
judgment and mercy.
GENESIS CONTAINS THE RECURRENT
LITERARY THEME DESCRIBING A
TRIAL OR TEST DURING WHICH THE
CHARACTERS EXERCISE THE VIRTUES
OF FAITH AND OBEDIENCE.



Noah tested in the flood.
Abraham tested when God commands him to
sacrifice Isaac.
As protagonists in the stories of Genesis, the
patriarchs by their trials, sufferings, and
eventual triumph resemble heroes in literature.
THE TOWER OF BABEL

Aetiological- And so
Yahweh scattered them
upon the face of the Earth,
and confused their
languages, and they left
off building the city, which
was called Babel "because
Yahweh there confounded
the language of all the
Earth."(Genesis 11:5-8).
When God speaks in this story, He uses
the phrase, "let us go," referencing the
trinity (3).
 God says in Genesis 11:6, "If as one
people speaking the same language they
have begun to do this, then nothing they
plan to do will be impossible for them."
(NIV)
 God realizes that when people are unified
in purpose they can accomplish
impossible feats, both noble and ignoble.
This is why unity in the body of Christ is
so important.


Some scholars
believe that this
marks the point in
history where God
divided the earth
into separate
continents.
•To build, the people used brick instead of stone
and tar instead of mortar. They used "man-made"
materials, instead of more durable "God-made"
materials. The people were building a monument to
themselves, to call attention to their own abilities
and achievements, instead of giving glory to God.
ABRAHAM, ISAAC, AND
ISHMAEL
The Child of Promise
ABRAHAM
Known called the father of the Jews and
is considered the founder of the Jewish
religion. He was the first to believe in one
all-powerful God instead of many gods.
 Christians and Muslims also
honor Abraham and trace their belief in
one God back to him.
 Progenitor of the three major Western
Religions.

(These came after Isaac and Ishmael)
ISHMAEL




Son of Abraham and Hagar
Known as “the Outcast”
Muslims believed that he is
the ‘sacrificial’ son as he
was Abraham’s only child for
13 years.
Becomes the progenitor of
Arabs and is an ancestor of
Mohammad.
ISAAC



Son of Abraham and Sarah
His son is Jacob who will
become known as Israel and
whose 12 sons will become
the 12 tribes of the Jews.
Because he was born to a
sterile mother (Sarah) he is
seen as an example of God’s
providing for a savior.
ABRAHAM, ISAAC, ISHMAEL
“JOB”
Theodicy- The problem of evil. Why does evil
exist in the world? Why do bad things happen
to good people?
 Job’s ‘comforters’- Eliphaz, Bildad, Zophar
 Schadenfreude- taking pleasure in the
misfortunes of others.
 God as judge, and the adversary (satan)

THE BOOK OF JOB
The Book of Job extols an exemplar of
faith and fortitude who is beset by one
misfortune after another.
 Urged by his wife to renounce the Lord,
who is perceived as having unjustly
punished one of his faithful servants, Job
enhances his fortitude and affirms his
faith despite intense suffering.





Urged by friends to accept blame for the
disasters of his life—thus allowing them to
maintain a sense of order in the universe.
Calls for a conference with God.
Gets no answer, but is responded to by the Lord
Himself.
In the course of suffering, Job becomes humble,
learns the limitations of human intelligence in
probing the mystery of God, and marvels at the
higher wisdom of the Lord that humankind can
never fully comprehend.
NUMBERS IN THE BIBLE
Numbers in the Bible have deep spiritual and
symbolic significance.
 Although the books of the Bible have multiple
authors, there seems to be a remarkable
consistency with number symbolism throughout
the Bible from “Genesis” to “Revelation”
 Numbers reference both Good and Evil.

IMPORTANT RECURRING NUMBERS AND THEIR
MEAINGS IN THE BIBLE







1-Beginning, First
2- Witness, Separation
3- The Godhead, Trinity
4- Earth, Creation
6- Man, Beast, Satan
7- Perfection,
Completeness
10- Law, Government,
Restoration






12- Divine government,
Apostles
13- Rebellion, apostacy
30- Consecration,
maturity
40- Trial, Test, Probation
75- Separation,
cleansing
666- Antichrist, Satan,
the damned triplicate
IMPORTANT RECURRING NUMBERS
 THREE-
Trinity,
“Let us go” in
Babel, Noah had 3
sons, Jonah in
Fish, 3 comforters,
3 wise men, Jesus
in tomb Peter’s
denial, 3
patriarchs of
Judaism,
 FOUR-
Creation,
(Earth, Wind, Fire,
Water) Horsemen
of the Apocalypse,
Gospels
IMPORTANT RECURRING NUMBERS
 SEVEN-
Perfection,
Combination of
God +creation
including mankind.
7 days and nights
in Genesis, in
Noah, in Joseph,7
years of plenty,
(Jesus-77th in line
from Adam).
 TEN-
10
commandments,
10 plagues, (10
generations
between Adam and
Noah; Noah and
Abraham.)
IMPORTANT RECURRING NUMBERS
 TWELVE-
12 sons
of Jacob (Israel)
become the 12
Tribes of the Jews,
12 apostles; (12
days of
Christmas).
 FORTY-
40 days
and nights of rain,
40 years in the
desert (Israel), 40
days and nights
(Jesus), 40 days
after the
resurrection before
the ascension.
THE NEW TESTAMENT
BIRTH and NATIVITY
 “Where is he who has been born king?”
MINISTRY and MIRACLES
 “Is this not the Carpenter?”
 “The Sermon on the Mount”
 “Parables”
DEATH AND RESURRECTION
 “Last Days in Jerusalem”
 “The Tomb is Empty”
CHARACTERS FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT
Jesus- as Man, as God
 Mary- Mother of God
 Joseph- Jesus’ human father
 Herod- tries to kill Jesus
 Peter- denies Jesus at his death
 Judas- betrays Jesus
 Thomas- doubts the resurrection

PARABLES
Instructional stories meant to reveal a truth or
teach a lesson.
 Sometimes confusing and ambiguous.
 “The Good Samaritan”
 “Prodigal Son”
 “The Great Supper”
 “The Lost Sheep” “The Lost Coin”

HISTORICAL BOOKS



Among the historical books of the Bible, Samuel, Kings,
and Chronicles predominate.
They are part of the Jewish scripture called the Nebim
(the prophets)
 Officially in the Jewish tradition there are two
subsections
 The former prophets—from the entrance to Canaan to
the Babylonian captivity.
 The later prophets—Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the
12 minor prophets.
They describing the roles of kings and prophets among
the Chosen People and the evolution of a nomadic
community into a political and military kingdom in the
land of Canaan.
HISTORICAL CONTINUED


Emphasized are the first monarchies of Saul
and David, the histories of various kings, and
the grandeur of their temporal realms.
More important is the role of the prophets as
spokespersons of the Lord.
 Inveighing against monarchs and the people
for their periodic lapses in fidelity to the Lord,
the prophets uphold the expectations of the
Lord in the midst of a community whose
majority, at times, becomes wayward.
LITERARY FORM OF NARRATIVE
The histories of the kings are presented in
accord with the literary form of the exemplum,
an example or “case study.”
 The kings who are faithful to the Lord thrive,
whereas the unfaithful sovereigns are
punished, even to the extent of being defeated
by their enemies in battle. When impelled by
vainglory and by lusts (materialistic or carnal),
the kings are self-indulgent.

LITERARY FORM OF NARRATIVE

In line with the literature of didacticism, these
books teach readers clear-cut lessons
concerning one's relationship with the Lord, the
virtues to be imitated and the vices to be
shunned, the importance of fidelity to the Lord
and his heavenly realm, and the dangers of
inordinate attachment to worldly pleasures and
possessions.
 Thus,
the prophets, in contrast to the
kings, are self-disciplined,
abstemious, and humble. Such a
state of purgation and purity readies
them to accept and disseminate the
word of the Lord.
WISDOM BOOKS




Among the so-called Wisdom Books, the most
often cited are Job, Psalms, Proverbs (also known
as a Book of Wisdom), and The Song of Songs.
In the Jewish tradition these are contained in the
Kethubim (the Writings)
The collective wisdom of these books instructs
people concerning the adversities of life and the
means to withstand and overcome them.
In short, the Wisdom Books stress fortitude and
faith in the Lord in the present life so that one
may be rewarded.

In doing so, the Wisdom Books adapt the
overt methods of didactic literature:
 to
highlight exemplars who manifest faith and
fortitude during adversity,
 to dramatize a prayerful relationship between
the people and the Lord,
 to cite aphoristic lore derived from the
experience of generations, and
 Aphoristic
– “a concise statement of a principle or
a terse formulation of a truth or sentiment”
(Webster.com).
 to
use allegory in highlighting the interaction
of the Lord and humankind.
THE BOOK OF ECCLESIASTES

Ecclesiastes 9:11, "I returned, and saw
under the sun, that the race is not to the
swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither
yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to
men of understanding, nor yet favour to
men of skill; but time and chance
happeneth to them all."
THE PSALMS


“Psalm” is based on the Greek word which
represents the sound of a plucked string.
Hebrew poetry is not based on strict metrical
pattern alone (as in Greek or Latin) or on metrical
pattern and rhyme (as in English and other modern
languages).
 It works by what is known as “parallelism.” A
first statement is repeated or amplified in a
different form--”The statutes of the Lord are right,
rejoicing the heart:the commandments of the
Lord is pure,enlightening the eyes” (19:8 KJV)
(Berggren).
PSALMS PSALM 96




The Psalms, collected into a book or Psalter,
number approximately 150, including both
communal songs and prayers and individual
utterances, often set to music.
Like lyrical poetry, which was often sung or
recited to musical accompaniment, the Psalms
manifest a tonal range that includes primarily
praise and gratitude to the Lord and the selfexamination of a sinner who becomes a
penitential suppliant.
Since many of the Psalms are attributed to King
David, they are called the Davidic Psalms
(Labriola).
Psalm 117 The Audio Bible King James
THE BOOK OF PROVERBS




The book is a compilation of gnomes, a word
derived from the Greek “to know.”
It is presented in the manner of gnomic or
sapiential literature, which is commonplace in
cultures as varied as the Greek and the AngloSaxon,
the Book of Proverbs provides pithy summations of
wisdom to be imparted to younger generations.
As a distillation of the “lessons learned” by an older
and wiser generation, the Book of Proverbs imparts
a philosophy of life, a perception of one's place in
society, and an outlook on one's relationship to
God.




Also called the Song of Solomon and the Canticle
of Canticles.
The text features a loving relationship, including
courtship and marriage, between a bridegroom
and his wife.
Though attributed to Solomon and interpreted as
his wedding song to his beloved, the Song of
Songs is more often perceived by Christian
commentators as allegorical literature.
Especially through lyricism, drama, and dialogue,
the work suggest various interrelationships
(Labriola):
 God
and His People (or one soul)
 Jesus and His Church
 Christ and his mother Mary
THE SONG
OF SONGS




The description of the beloved “to a company of
horses in Pharaoh's chariots” (Chap. 1).
Robert Alter clarifies this perplexing reference:
“a mare in heat, let loose among chariotry,
could transform well-drawn battle lines into a
chaos of widely plunging stallions.”
The male celebration of female sexuality as
landscape is familiar to readers of later love
poems.
However, the Song of Songs is also remarkable
for the frequency with which the woman speaks
(Berggren).
PROPHETIC BOOKS
The term “prophet” is derived from a
Greek word meaning “to speak on behalf
of” (Britannica).
 The prophets were ancient Israelites who
spoke to the nation on behalf of God. In
other words, they were preachers.
 Their purpose was not, as is often
mistakenly assumed, to foretell the future.

The prophets were men who interpreted
Israel's behavior in the light of God's laws
and frequently found reason to condemn
that behavior.
 The prophets also declared that Israel
would be punished for breaking the laws.

A
series of national disasters that befell
Israel seemed to prove the merit of the
prophetic warnings:
 Israel was conquered or subjugated in
turn by Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece,
and Rome over a period of seven
centuries (Britannica).
THUS, THESE PROPHETIC BOOKS
RECOUNT THE LIVES AND
ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR AND
MINOR PROPHETS WHO WERE.
..
 summoned
by God,
 received the divine word, and
 preached it to the people.

The literary genre of prophecy, including
the oral traditions and written narratives
of Graeco-Roman and biblical antiquity,
characterizes the prophets as
spokespersons with two major functions:
 (1) to admonish the people against
wrongdoing, usually violations of their
covenant with the deity, and to foretell
punishment if wayward conduct
persisted;
 (2) to proclaim the expectations of the
Lord, which the people are urged to
heed.

In the literary genre of prophecy, prophets
typically received communication from God
through dream-visions and trances.
 Unaware
of their surroundings and impervious to
external stimuli, prophets became more attentive
to divine communication.
 Characterized as zealots who were abstemious
and at times ascetic, prophets renounced the
temptations of worldliness and carnalism,
purifying themselves to become fit vessels to
receive and disseminate the divine word.
 Isaiah, in fact, cleansed his lips with a burning
coal as a gesture of self-purification. (??)

As they inveighed against wayward rulers of the
Israelites or against the people at large, the prophets
often jeopardized their physical well-being while they
served as divine spokesmen.



Whether imprisoned, persecuted, or martyred, the prophets were
resolute in their faith in God and in their steadfast service,
This passion derived, in part, from the dramatic manner in which
prophets were summoned to their ministry, which often led to their
ardent zeal reflected in denunciations of wrongdoing, in dire
predictions of the imminent wrath of the Lord, and in vivid
descriptions of the torment of everlasting damnation.
The preaching of Jeremiah, notably mournful in his lamentations
and fierce in prophesying the Lord's wrath, gave rise to the term
“jeremiad,” a diatribe often couched as a sermon admonishing
sinners that their souls will be in the hands of an angry God
(Labriola).
THE BOOK OF JONAH
Jonah also spelled “Jonas,” the fifth of 12
Old Testament books that bear the names of
the Minor Prophets, embraced in a single
book, The Twelve, in the Jewish canon.
 Unlike other Old Testament prophetic books,
Jonah is not a collection of the prophet's
oracles but primarily a narrative about the
man. (similar to the patriarch narratives).
 Jonah is portrayed as a recalcitrant prophet
who flees from God's summons to prophesy
against the wickedness of the city of Nineveh
(Britannica).




Like Odysseus, Jonah is a reluctant traveler who
takes refuge in sleep.
Ancient writers use symbolic details like this to
suggest delicate psychological states of mind
(Berggren).
A clear example of a travel archetype.
 Go a great distance to the edge.
 Come back with a new understanding.
 Jonah is willing to obey
 Jonah learns that his ways are not God’s.




According to the opening verse, Jonah is the son of
Amittai.
This lineage identifies him with the Jonah
mentioned in II Kings 14:25 who prophesied during
the reign of Jeroboam II, about 785 BC.
It is possible that some of the traditional materials
taken over by the book were associated with Jonah
at an early date, but the book in its present form
reflects a much later composition.
It was written after the Babylonian Exile (6th
century BC), probably in the 5th or 4th century and
certainly no later than the 3rd, since Jonah is listed
among the Minor Prophets in the apocryphal book
of Ecclesiasticus, composed about 190.




Like the “Book of Ruth,” which was written at about
the same period, “Jonah” opposes the narrow Jewish
nationalism characteristic of the period following the
reforms of Ezra and Nehemiah with their emphasis
on Jewish exclusivity.
Thus the prophet Jonah, like the Jews of the day,
abhors even the idea of salvation for the Gentiles.
God chastises him for his attitude, and the book
affirms that God's mercy extends even to the
inhabitants of a hated foreign city.
The incident of the great fish, recalling Leviathan,
the monster of the deep used elsewhere in the Old
Testament as the embodiment of evil, symbolizes
the nation's exile and return.
WORKS CITED
Berggren, Paula. Teaching With the Norton Anthology of
World Literature Vols. A-C. New York: Norton, 2002.
Cauthron “What the SNU Religion Department Believes
and Teaches” What SNU Teaches.
http://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/dept.htm (13 Sept.
2005).
Fairchild, Mary The Tower of Bable –Story Summary”
About.com Christianity 19 Sept. 2010
<http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummari
es/p/towerofbabel.htm>
"Jonah, Book of." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition.
20 Sept. 2005 <http://school.eb.com/eb/article9043916>.
WORKS CITED CONTINUED
Labriola, Albert “The Bible as Literature” The
Literary Encyclopedia. (16 June 2003)
http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?r
ec=true&UID=1283 (13 Sept. 2005).
Walton, John H. "Is there Archaeological
Evidence of the Tower of Babel?" Christians
Answers. 19 Spt. 2010
<http://www.christiananswers.net/qabr/abr-a021.html>
HISTORICALLY ACCURATE?


"Are the individuals mentioned in the Old Testament
(such as Adam, Eve, Noah, Jonah, Job, David, and
Solomon) real people or just allegories for teaching
principles?"
• Scripture everywhere speaks of them as real
people. Archaeological exploration in the Middle
East have pointed increasingly to many
identifiable parallels (names, places, artifacts,
and texts) with things in the Bible. These
parallels give warrant for accepting the actuality
of persons named in the Old Testament
(Cauthron).
Remember, however, their importance is not
determined by their historical but spiritual reality.
A GOOD WAY TO DESCRIBE THESE TEXTS IS
TO CALL THEM "PRIMEVAL NARRATIVES /
TRADITIONS"
“These stories focus on events that took place
long before humanity began to document its
history and civilization.. . . These chapters
contain narratives about the world out of
which Israel's ancestor Abraham came to
follow God's call." Discovering the Old
Testament 62).
"CAN YOU REALLY DIMINISH THE HISTORICAL
LEGITIMACY OF ANY BIBLICAL CHARACTER
WITHOUT ALSO DIMINISHING THE THEOLOGICAL
LEGITIMACY OF THE LESSONS THAT CHARACTER
CONVEYS?"
This question appears to assume that historical
veracity is the complete measure of all truth. To say
it another way: It takes the affirmation "If it is
historical, it is true" and turns it into the statement
"If it is true, it is historical."
Yet, one must ask how we usually understand Jesus'
parables in the gospels. Must we hold that Jesus
referred to a specific, living individual when he
spoke about a farmer, a land owner, a wife making
bread, a pearl merchant, a father who divided his
possessions (see Matthew 13 and Luke 15)?
•
•
The theological truth of a parable is not
lessened, or made any less legitimate, when
we assume that these were stories of what
might happen rather than specific reports of
what actually transpired in someone's life.
In fact, Biblical interpreters through the
centuries have argued that the father in the
prodigal son parable would not have been a
real Jewish father in Jesus' day. In that
culture, a father would not be so foolish as to
do what the younger son asked, because the
request was an insult to the father. Yet, these
same interpreters have spoken at length
about the message and meaning of the
parable with regard to Jesus' emphasis upon
God as Father.
TO RETURN TO THE QUESTION: TO
"DIMINISH THE HISTORICAL LEGITIMACY"
OF A CHARACTER IN THE BIBLE MAY
UNDERMINE THE LEGITIMACY OF THE
THEOLOGICAL AFFIRMATIONS ASSOCIATED
WITH THAT CHARACTER'S STORY, BUT NOT
NECESSARILY IN EVERY INSTANCE.