Mastering Standard
SS7H1
The student will analyze continuity and change
in Africa leading to the 21st century.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Explain how the European partitioning across Africa
contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political
boundaries.
Explain how nationalism led to independence in South
Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria.
Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa
and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F. W. deKlerk.
Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement.
SS7H1a
► Why
did Europe partition (divide) Africa?
 The Europeans wanted to control Africa’s land,
resources (raw materials), and people. This
was also called the “Scramble for Africa” or the
“Race for Africa”.
 The Europeans could get the raw materials
cheaply (through cheap labor), make a finished
product, and sell the finished product for an
enormous profit. (Ex. Cotton)
SS7H1a
The scramble began
in the 1880s.
During the Berlin
Conference (18841885) rules were
set (by the
Europeans) for the
colonization of
Africa. By 1914,
European countries
controlled all of
Africa except
Liberia and
Ethiopia.
SS7H1a
When the
Europeans
partitioned
Africa, did they
consider tribal
boundaries?
►

NO! The
Europeans
divided Africa
according to
minerals and did
not consider the
people of Africa.
► What
problems do
you think this
created?
 Tribal
conflicts
 Civil wars
 Artificial
political
boundaries
 Unstable
governments
SS7H1a
SS7H1d
► Pan-African
Movement
 developed after World War II by people of African
descent living in Britain, the United States, and the
West Indies
 two objectives –
►end
European control of Africa
►Africa to be a homeland for all people of African descent
 took many years for most African colonies to gain
independence – some countries achieved
independence peacefully others through armed
struggle
 Now known as the African Union
SS7H1b
► Independence
in Kenya
 Originally colony of Germany but at the end of
World War I, it was ceded to the British.
 Kenyans were sent to fight Japan in World War II.
 Reasoned that if they could fight and die for
Britain, they deserved to vote and have their own
land.
 In the late 1940s Kenyans began to push for
independence.
 In the 1950s, the protests turned violent.
 Finally in 1957, the British began to give in to
Kenyans demands.
 Kenya became independent in 1963.
SS7H1b
► Independence
in Nigeria
 In the early 1800s, the British government outlawed slave
trade.
 In 1914, Nigeria became the Colony and Protectorate of
Nigeria (controlled by the British).
 Nigerians began demanding representation in the British
colonial government in the 1920s.
 By the 1940s, Nigeria was divided into 3 regions and each
region had representation in the colonial government.
 In 1960, the United Kingdom granted Nigeria
independence.
 Civil war broke out in 1967.
 In the late 1990s, the civil wars ended and Nigeria has a
stable government.
SS7H1b
► Independence
in South Africa
 Great Britain was granted South Africa as a
colony in 1814.
 Boers (original French, German, and Dutch
settlers) resented the British and moved to the
interior of South Africa.
 The Boers discovered diamonds and gold and the
British once again moved into Boer territory. This
created tension and eventually led to the South
African War where the Boers were defeated.
 The Union of South Africa was created as a selfgoverning country within the British Empire.
 BUT power was held by the white community.
SS7H1c
► Apartheid
in South Africa
 The South African government introduced a
series of laws that separated white and
nonwhite South Africans.
 This separation was known as “apartheid”.
 Apartheid governed EVERY aspect of life in
South Africa.
 In response to apartheid, black African leaders
founded the African National Congress (ANC).
 Apartheid led to white domination in a
predominantly black society.
SS7H1c
 By the 1950s, black South Africans were actively
opposing the government.
 Those who opposed the white led government
were killed or imprisoned.
 Nelson Mandela, a black lawyer was one of the
opponents.
 Mandela spent 27 years in prison because of his
antigovernment activities.
 In the 1970s, the United Nations (UN) Security
Council approved an embargo against South
Africa.
 International criticism of apartheid continued to
grow.
SS7H1c
 By the mid 1980s many Western countries had
imposed economic sanctions against South Africa.
 In 1989, President F. W. deKlerk enacted reforms
that led to the release of political prisoners
including Nelson Mandela.
 Apartheid laws were gradually over turned and in
1994 democratic elections were held.
 In the 1994 elections, Nelson Mandela became
the first black president of South Africa.
 Because of their work to end apartheid in South
Africa, Mandela and deKlerk were awarded the
1993 Nobel Prize for Peace.
Credits
► Georgia
Department of Education
► The Land and People of Kenya by Michael
Maren
► Countries of the World: South Africa by MaryAnn Stotko
► World Book Encyclopedia Vol. 14
► Various internet sites (pictures)
► Unitedstreaming videos GPB