purpose, reason, time
May 23nd
purpose
1.
Can be expressed with infinitive phrase
Q1: Rephrase
a. I went to live in France to live in France. SO
b. She was sent to England, to be educated. IN
Q2: Fill in the gaps
a. I shut the door quietly, so ..................................... wake the baby.
b. My son just turned 18. I bought a second car in ..................................... learn to drive.
c. I need a spoon ..................................... ice-cream with.
3
Q : TM gives the following sentence to illustrate the use of “in order/so as” for emphasis of purpose: He was accused of
misrepresenting the facts in order/so as to make the scheme seem feasible. How would you change it to avoid ambiguity?
How would you translate it?
Q4: Rephrase: He took extra trouble over the figures (in order/so as) to show his boss what a careful worker he was. In...
Q5: In the sentence: He sent his son abroad [PRO to have some peace]1 / [PRO to have good education]2 PRO (short for
putative pronoun) is the semantic subject of the infinitive phrase/clause. Does PRO in clause variant 1 and 2 refer to the
same noun?
Q6: He bought diamonds when he was in Amsterdam! – That wasn't surprising. He went to Amsterdam ...............................
buy diamonds, (not for any other purpose)
Q7: Rephrase: I want a case to keep my records in. FOR
Q8: Rephrase: Come to talk to Ann.
Q9: Rephrase: I'm thinking of ..................................... (go, look) for mushrooms.
1.1. to/so as to/in order to (conjunctions) may be used interchangeably except: so as to is used when subject wants to perform
sth or wants it to happen; not possible in accented positions
1.2. so as/in order are usually optional
1.3. go/come to expressing purpose is usually replaced by go/come and except as gerunds
2. Can be expressed with infinitive clause (adverbial clauses of purpose)
Q10: Fill in the gaps
a. I’ve arrived early so that/in order that I ..................................... get a good view of the procession.
b. They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists ..................................... understand them.
Q11: More than one possible: I arrived early in order that I ..................................... not miss anything.
a. might
b. should
c. could
d. would
Q12: Rephrase the above x2.
Q13: Combine the two sentences making the second one the adverbial clause of purpose: They must have worn gloves. They
did not want to leave any fingerprints.
Q14: In the sentence He took my shoes so (that) I couldn't leave the house. is that really optional?
Q15: Criminals usually telephone from public telephone boxes so that the police ..................................... be able to trace the
call.
2.1. when the verb in the main clause is in the simple past, past progressive, or past perfect, so that and in order that are
followed by should, could, might or would.
2.2. that is usually omitted unless in emphatic speech
2.3. Negative purpose clauses are made by putting the auxiliary verb (usually will/would or should) in negative
3. in case/lest/for fear (conjunctions)
Q16: Fill in the gaps
a. We’ve installed an extinguisher next to the cooker in case there ..................................... ever a fire.
b. In the winter, they did not undress for sleep ..................................... be so cold.
c. He turned away from the window ..................................... (anyone, see) them.
d. I observed him from a distance ......... a serpent playing dead.
17
Q : Rephrase: I think we should establish clear aims in case we all get confused. So that...
3.1. lest relatively rare and v. fml
3.2. without should we have subjunctive
reason/result
4. Clauses of reason and result/cause
Q18: Rephrase: Since you are here, you may as well give me a hand. In...
Q19: Fill in the gap in as many ways as possible: .................... he's been off sick all week he's unlikely to come.
Q20: Rephrase:
a. The drug has such a powerful effect that many doctors refuse to prescribe it. So...
b. He was so fed up (that) he threatened to resign. So...
c. Our annoyance was such (that) we refused to cooperate further. Such...
d. They were so disgusted by the bad language (that) they walked out. So...
Q21: Fill in the gaps:
a. He designed the room .................... it looked bigger than it actually was.
b. The city centre is signposted .................... to completely confuse most tourists.
Q22: Rephrase using as a result and consequently: There was a shortage of lifeboats on the Titanic and therefore 1500
people died.
Q23: Rephrase: We need to speed up, otherwise we'll be late. OR
4.1. Result clauses can be expressed by: so + adjective/result clause, such + noun /adjective+noun (+ that), such... that,
therefore/consequently/as a result, otherwise/or else
4.2. Such a ADJ NOUN is replaceable by so ADJ a NOUN
4.3. For emphasis, So/Such... may begin a sentence, in which case they are followed by inversion.
concession
5. May be introduced by conjunctions like although etc., may + infinitive , even if + should + infinitive
Q24: Rephrase:
a. Grey is this year's colour. Even so, I look dull in it. Although...
b. It didn't matter how hard we tried, we still couldn't get him to lower the price. Hard...
c. I love chips, but my doctor says they're bad for me. Much...
d. They'd never agree to se11 their land even if you offered them substantial sums. However...
e. I'm not working overtime, however often they ask me. No...
f. My car still runs surprisingly well considering it is over ten years old. Even...
g. I like the lyrics, despite the fact that 1 think the music is dreadful. While...
h. His daughter has startling intelligence, though she wastes most evenings playing computer games. Intelligent...
i. Though he was patient, he had no intention of waiting for three hours. Patient...
j. Don't tell him that I told you this under any circumstances. Whatever...
k. You must remain outwardly calm no matter how frightened you may be yourself. However...
Q25: Fill in the gaps with appropriate adverbial:
a. I saw my ex-fiancé last night. We didn't speak, .................... (aczkolwiek)..
b. I'm afraid I can't come. It was nice of you to invite me, .................... (tak czy inaczej).
Q26: Rephrase
a. No matter how hard they tried, the two sides couldn't agree a peace settlement. Hard...
b. Though it was difficult, they finally managed to reach a compromise. Difficult...
c. No matter (on) what day you visit, I won't be at home. Whichever...
d. Although I detest the idea of punishing children, I can see it has its uses. Much...
Q27: Fill in the gap: Even if he .................... (find) out he .................... do anything about it.
5.1. Introduced by conjunctions such as although, (even) though, however
5.2. Can begin the sentence (focus on the second, main clause) or end it (focus on first, subordinate clause)
5.3. Some adverbials and phrases can come at the end of the second sentence (though, all the same)
5.4. ADJ/ADV + as/though + subject + verb can be used in emphatic sentences
time clauses
6. adverbial clauses which state whether one thing happened after, before or at the same time as another. Introduced by
conjunctions, when, after, while, once etc.
Q28: Fill in with appropriate tense forms:
a. Look, the parachutist is ready. He .................... (jump). Soon after he .................... (jump) his parachute
.................... (open).
b. Peter and John .................... (play) tennis tonight. While they .................... (play) (during this time) we ....................
(go) to the beach.
Q29: Rephrase:
a. As soon as I have finished I'll give you a call. The...
b. We knew that he would arrive/would be arriving about six. We knew that till...
c. He said, “When will the train get in?”. He asked when...
Q30: Rephrase:
a. I'm half German and so can speak the language fluently. BEING
b. The traffic may be heavy on the motorway so let's avoid it. IN CASE
c. You're not busy so come and give me a hand. SEEING
d. Their failure to implement even one item in their manifesto would seem to indicate that this government is
ineffective. INASMUCH
Q31: Rephrase:
a. Daniel was busy with his computer game, giving me time to look round his room. While...
b. Finish eating first. Then you can watch television. You can't...
c. The missing boy was last seen just before Christmas. Nobody...
d. After the first few minutes, I began to enjoy the film. Once...
e. I turned on the TV and the doorbell rang a moment later. I'd no...
6.1. Don’t use future or conditional in time clauses
6.2. A conditional tense changes to a past tense in time clause, except with when (in this case would is possible)
6.3. In time clauses after is often followed by perfect tenses
6.4. We use inversion after negative adverbs which emphasise a time relationship at the beginning of a sentence: No sooner /
Hardly / Scarcely / Barely had I put the phone down than it rang again.
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