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E-CULTURE & E-TOURISM
Murat GÜMÜŞ
Naim ŞENOL
Mesut YILMAZ
Armağan KORKUSUZ
Ece Ceren ÇİÇEK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.CULTURE & E-CULTURE

1.1 What are The Culture and E-Culture?

1.2 Parts of E-Culture
 1.2.1 e-newspaper, e-magazine
 1.2.2 e-book and it’s advantages
 1.2.3 e-library
 1.2.4 e-museum, e-ticket
 1.2.5 Virtual tour & Panaroma

1.3 Affects of E-Culture on All of The World Countries and
Social Life
 1.3.1 Journalism

1.4 Future of E-Culture
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

2.TOURISM & E-TOURISM

2.1 What is Tourism?

2.2 What is E-Tourism?

2.2.1 Tools Used in E-Tourism

2.2.2 Web services

2.3 Why E-Tourism?

2.4 Advantages of E-Tourism

2.5 Design Strategies of E-Tourism

2.6 Applications of E-Tourism

2.6.1 GIS(Geographic Information Systems in Tourism Industry)

2.6.2 Blue Flag Project

2.6.3 Navigation

2.7 World Tourism Organization Tourism Report and Turkey

2.8 Turkey’s Advantages in Tourism

2.9 Turkey’s Disadvantages in Tourism

2.10 The Advantages of E-Tourism to Turkey’s Tourism

2.11 Applications Related to E-Tourism
3.REFERENCES
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1.1 What are Culture and E-Culture?

Culture is defined as the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions,
cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned
through a process of socialization. These shared patterns identify the
members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another
group.

“Culture is a way of life of a society.” C. WIESLER

E-culture is a policy term used to describe the ever shifting relationship
between new information and communication technology and the
production and consumption of culture and the arts.
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
E-culture is both technological and a social
development.There seems to be a widespread consensus that
new digital and networking technologies like the World Wide
Web (WWW) and the Internet have the capacity to reorder
the domains of everyday social and personal life by
transforming work and knowledge forms, gender and body
politics, health and science, domestic life and entertainment
as well as transforming national economics and international
relations, democracy and the distribution of power (Dona
Kolar-Panov, 2003).

Culture spreads in digital media mostly as tv, radio and Net.
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1.2 Parts of E-Culture

E-book , e-newspaper, e-magazine
Nowadays all books, newspapers and magazines of
different cultures are available in the Net.

E-mail,Social network, media
People can communicate people all over the world.

E-museum, e-ticket

Virtual tour, Panaroma
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1.2.1 E-Newspaper
E-Newspapers are newspapers which are published electronically. They
can take the form of normal print publications published on the Internet;
additional or complimentary content to print publications published online; or original publications published exclusively on the World Wide
Web. Many news organizations require subscription to e-newspapers, just
like regular print newspapers. E-newspapers are often associated with an
existing newspaper in print. Most e- newspapers do not have
enumeration, though they do have chronology, and many maintain
archives of back issues online.
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1. 2. 2 E-Book
E-Book is a book that is published in
electronic form, for example on the
Internet or on a disk, and not printed.
Why aren’t e-books more Popular?



Tactile loss : I like the feel and smell of
paper / I can’t read on a screen
Lending loss : I want to lend my books to
who I want.
Library loss : I want a library that will last
forever.
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Advantages of E-Books

Mobility:
Carry your entire library in your pocket: With disk space quickly
becoming a commodity, and the size of portable device hard
drives getting bigger and bigger, it’s conceivable to think that you
could have your entire library with you and have it accessible to
your fingertips.

Saving Physical Space:
Your Library is as Big as your Disk Drive: Your library can grow as big
as the disk space you have available and will be relatively small
compared to walls and walls of bookshelves. And, due to disk
space becoming a commodity, it’s safe to say you’ll probably
never run out of space to store your library in your lifetime.
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
Saving Time & Money:
No Shipping Costs or Wait Time: This is a much easier argument for
me to prove living as an expat with book prices being astronomical
in a non-English speaking country. But, remember that when you
eliminate the need for shipping that book to where you physically
are, there will be some cost benefits.


Ease-of-Use
Adjust Font Size for any Eyes: Adjust the font size, type and
background color of your electronic book per your preferences.
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1. 2. 3 E-Library
Large scale digitization projects are
underway at Google, the Million Book
Project, and Internet Archive. With
continued improvements in book handling
and presentation technologies such as
optical character recognition and ebooks,
and development of alternative
depositories and business models, digital
libraries are rapidly growing in popularity.
Just as libraries have ventured into audio
and video collections, so have digital
libraries such as the Internet Archive.
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1.2.5 E-Museum, E-Ticket
A museum is an institution that makes available artifacts, scientific, artistic, cultural, or
historical objects for public viewing.
With the entry of the Internet to our lives ,the museums that cultural heritage is
exhibited is moving to electronic media.
The most famous museums web sites contain the information about history of the
museum, variable information of museum artifacts and their creaters,.
Also, the advantages like virtual tours and queries from the museum database is also
available .
The website of The Louvre Museum that is one of the most famous museums all over the
world is an example of museums in the electronic media.
In our country, similar applications can be applied some of the museums.
Isparta museum is one of them.
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IZMIR
ARCHEOLOGY MUSEUM – E-MUSEUM GUIDANCE SYSTEM
Started
It
It
is
in 1 November 2011 for one year.
is established into Izmir Archeology Museum.
contains 24 headphones and 2 charge stations.
an audio and visual guidance system and has supports of Turkish, English and
German languages.
MUSEUM
CARD
The
Easily
first card of Turkey provides visiting museums.
visiting the museums for a charge of 15-50 TLs for 1 year.
Museum
Pass Istanbul for foreign tourists
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Thanks to the developing
technology, tickets of cinemas,
theatres, museums, seminars and
concerts can be bought from the
Net.
For cinema tickets, empty cinema
halls and empty seats can be easily
shown in the Net.
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1. 2. 5 Virtual Tour&Panaroma
A virtual tour is a simulation of an existing location, usually
composed of a sequence of panaromic images. They also may use other
multimedia elements such as sound effects, music and text. The phrase "virtual
tour" is often used to describe a variety of video and photographic-based
media. Panorama indicates an unbroken view, since a panorama can be
either a series of photographs or panning video footage.
The first use of a Virtual Tour was in 1994 as a museum visitor
interpretation.
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Affects of E-Culture
THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
REVOLUTION STARTED SOME DECADES AGO BUT ITS DEVELOPMENT
TOWARDS NETWORK LOGIC THAT WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INTERNET
GAVE IT AN EXTRA PUSH. THE CONCEPT OF AN INFORMATION SOCIETY
SUGGESTS UNIVERSAL AND FREE ACCESS TO INFORMATION SERVICES
(THUS KNOWLEDGE) FOR ALL CITIZENS/USERS/CONSUMERS AND
POSSIBILITY FOR AN ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING.
RAPID GROWTH OF THE INTERNET, IN NUMBER OF ITS USERS AND
AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND SERVICES THAT CAN BE ACCESSED
THROUGH IT, INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVITIES TAKING PLACE IN
THE VIRTUAL DOMAIN.
Journalism

The internet and disseminate tools and easier
access to information, as well as reduced access
to information almost no cost.

Video, graphics, sound and text on the
internet are closely intertwined structure occurred
in
a
diverse
media.
The
newspaper printed only on paper appeared to
be a media tool.

Increasing the level of competition! Thanks
to social media and mobile technologies at a
time when everyone potentially can be a
journalist, journalists working in newspapers, the
only other competitor, but also his readers of his
colleagues.
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Future of E-Culture

Acts of cyber attacks and will continue to
increase in a more organized way.

Opportunities for the new user interface,
keyboard, mouse will begin to eliminate the
dependency. Now every plane screen, voice
commands, start to become standard.

Mobile technologies will continue to get more
space on the table. Location-based
applications will act as a dynamo process.

Merging social media networks to the TV
and Social TV Apps will have big role.
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
Increase the popularity of social
networking applications to unifying the
different contents. Thus, this kind of person with a
single application environment profiles of social
media to reach all the different social media
sites to produce the content.

Spread application of Home Office
E-Culture
in the world
www.everyculture.com
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www.everyculture.com
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www.usa.gov
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www.usa.gov.tr
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E-Culture in Mobile
eCulture Pass in Google Play
eCulture Pass in Google
Play
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E-Culture
in
Turkey
www.kultur.gov.tr
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www.kultur.gov.tr
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www.kultur.gov.tr
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www.kultur.gov.tr
www.izmirmuzesi.gov.tr
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www.izmirmuzesi.gov.tr
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2.1 What is Tourism?

Tourism is travel for
recreational, leisure or
business purposes.

Tourism can be domestic or
international, and
international tourism has both
incoming and outgoing
implications on a country's
balance of payments.
Today, tourism is major
source of income for many
countries, and affects the
economy of both the source
and host countries, in some
cases it is of vital importance.
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2.2 What is E-Tourism?
 e-Tourism means that using of information technologies
in tourism sector.

e-Tourism enclose all goods, service, product
transaction and money transfer with electronic systems.

Today, Depending on the rapid developments in
information technologies, the global competitiveness in
tourism is carried to internet.
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2.2.1 Tools Used in E-Tourism

Call center

Internet

Intranet

Web services
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Call Center
Tourist - a key consumer needs details on destinations,
facilities, availibilities, prices, geography & climate
information. If it is out of country then border controls &
relations.
A call center agent might handle account inquiries,
customer complaints or support issues.
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Internet
The Internet and especially the Web is one of the main
driving forces for new developments by providing new
powerful tools and possibilities of doing business. It is a
perfect platform for the travel and tourism industry to bring
information about its products to the customers all over
the world, in a direct, cost minimizing, and time effective
way.
2.2.2 Web Services

1.
Most useful tool is the web sides, so the web sites should
have some properties:
e-mail property,
2.
information about travels,
3.
promotion applications,
4.
information with sales,
5.
relationship with other travel agency,
6.
feedback forms
7.
Online payment
8.
Service in other language
9.
special attention to the visual and auditory
10.
Information on the business owner
11.
Feature to respond to frequently asked questions
12.
Information for employees who
13.
And must be updated.
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2.3 Why E-Tourism?
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1.
Impoving customer satisfaction
2.
The Internet is more effective than other advertising
tools
3.
Easy access to information sources, with the
points of
4.
Deductibility of the costs of travel planning and
organization
5.
And allowing a very fast development.
6.
All large and small businesses, does not
require large amounts of capital.
7.
Find new market places, and sell the services. They
strengthen their image. Also gain a competitive
advantage.
E-tourism Includes All Business
Functions

E-commerce and E-marketing

E-finance and E-accounting

E-HRM

E-Procurement

E-Strategy

E-Planning

E-Management
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Definition Of eTourism
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ICT - Information and
Communication Technologies
New information and communication technologies
(ICT) are changing the economy and the way
business is conducted in various forms. ICT force
companies to find new ways to expand the markets
in which they compete, to attract and retain
customers by tailoring products and services to their
needs, and to restructure their business strategy to
gain competitive advantage.
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2.4 Advantage of e-Tourism

Provide the opportunity to easily compare.

Personalized services.

Making travel system open to competition

Services with increased competition to be the
best conditions

Allows to take information of the desired place and
time by the individual.

Fast and secure method.
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Disadvantages of e-tourism
Some of the disadvantages that can be created by the
use of E-commerce in tourism are as followed:
*Tensions between growing demands for personalized
services tailored to the individual’s needs and interests and
reluctance amongst consumers to release such
information over the Internet in case it is misused.
*The preference of many customers to conduct
complicated transactions in a face-to-face environment
(e.g. high street travel agents).
*Existing travel agent business being superseded, with
resultant job losses.
*Growing inequality and increased social exclusion for
those customers and businesses without access to
necessary technology
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2.5 Design Strategies of E-Tourism

We believe in a strategic approach to designing etourism systems for destinations. We offer a unique
combination of tourism strategic expertise and webbased applications and work with destinations to
deliver e-tourism solutions that fulfil a clearly defined
strategy.
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
Processes are:
1.
Assessing the Destination Strategy
2.
Assess Current Online Application
3.
Develop eTourism Strategy
4.
Implement
5.
Monitor and Support
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1 - Assessing the Destination Strategy:

Vision

Objectives

Positioning

Brand

Target Markets

Product Development and Packaging

Marketing Mix

Institutional Structure

Business Plan

Role of E-Tourism in Destination Strategy
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2 - Assess Current Online Application

Evaluate online activity & performance

Audit of website

Evaluate social media strategy, guidelines
and interaction

Assess online tools

Assess SEO practices and ranking
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3 – Develop E-Tourism Strategy

Gap analysis Destination Strategy vs Online
Application

Define User Requirements

Define Functionality Match

Formulate eMarketing strategy

Formulate E-Communications & CRM strategy

Formulate SEO strategy
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4 - Implement

Website design

SEO optimization

CMS/DMS Backend Development

Email design and database management

Social Media Campaign Development

Intranet Development
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5 – Monitor and Support

Training and mentorship

Website traffic and user behavior tracking and
assessment

Constant Improvement
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2.6.1 Geographic Information
Systems in Tourism Industry
What is GIS?

A geographic information
system (GIS) integrates
hardware, software, and data
for capturing, managing,
analyzing, and displaying all
forms of geographically
referenced information.

GIS helps you answer questions
and solve problems by looking
at your data in a way that is
quickly understood and easily
shared.
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Useful tool for:

Managing

Analyzing

Displaying large volume of data
Apply many disciplines such as geography, forestry,
urban planning, and environmental studies.
Geographers, economists, business, environmental
planners, and archaeologists are interested in
tourism.
Benefits Of GIS

Cost Savings and Increased Efficiency

Better Decision Making

Improved Communication

Better Recordkeeping

Managing Geographically
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Opportunities for GIS Applications
in Tourism Planning

Assessing of tourism development: GIS can be
used to demonstrate tourism impacts on various
industrial sectors in a time-series and spatial
format. Within this category, analysts can use all
or several of the previous categories by
employing the ‘‘what-if’’ tool of GIS. This tool
allows the development of scenarios for
predicting what the effect of a change in a
certain variable(s) will be in the destination.
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
Visitor flow management: This involves the use of
GIS to identify principal tourist activity spaces
within a destination and the flows among
destinations. Authorities may implement strategic
plans for superior infrastructure.

Facility inventory and resource use: The ease in
allocating resources between what are often
conflicting demands. It provide us how to share
the resources to the facilities.
CAPABILITIES OF GIS APPLICATION IN
TOURISM PLANNING
Advantages for the Tourists

Valuable information on tourist locations

Interactive maps that respond to user queries

Visualization of tourist sites through digital images or
videos

Selective information’s like route planning, cultural
events, special attractions etc.
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Advantages to development authorities

Planning:


Database management:


The relationship between geographic factors, marketing
strategies, visitors’ behaviors associated with a visit to the
region, visitor perceptions of various attractions, and the
trip/traveler characteristics are also critical components for the
managers and planners of the tourism-related businesses
Binds attribute data and spatial data
Data updating

Remote sensing, numeric data, images, tables…
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2.6.2 Blue Flag

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Europe Community has
determined the
microbiologic
parameters for sea and
lake waters have been
used for swimming. This
work put together Blue
Flag Campaign include
European country by
Foundation For
Environmental
Education (FEEE) in
1987.
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Blue Flag has focused on four fundamental
subjects:

Water Quality have been used for swimming

Environmental Education

Security and order of beaches

Environment Management
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The Blue Flag is a voluntary eco-label awarded to
approximately 3650 beaches and marinas in 46 countries
across Europe, South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, New
Zealand, Brazil, Canada and the Caribbean.
In Turkey are there 383 beaches, 21 marinas and 13
yachts since 2013.
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2013 YILI MAVİ BAYRAK PLAJ SAYILARI
İspanya
İngiltere, 55
Yunanistan
Diğer 29
Ülke, 285
Güney Kıbrıs, 57
İspanya, 552
Hollanda, 58
İrlanda, 70
Türkiye
Fransa
Hırvatistan, 102
Portekiz
İtalya
Danimarka, 243
Yunanistan, 393
Danimarka
Hırvatistan
İrlanda
İtalya, 248
Hollanda
Güney Kıbrıs
Türkiye, 383
Portekiz, 280
Fransa, 365
İngiltere
Diğer 29 Ülke
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2013 YILI ULUSLAR ARASI MAVİ BAYRAKLI MARİNA SAYILARI
Diğer 29 Ülke, 40
Norveç, 6
Yunanistan, 9
Belçika-Flaman, 10
Portekiz, 14
Hırvatistan, 18
Almanya
Almanya, 108
Türkiye, 21
İspanya
Hollanda
Fransa
İtalya
Danimarka, 55
İspanya, 97
Danimarka
Türkiye
Hırvatistan
Portekiz
İtalya, 62
Belçika-Flaman
Hollanda, 95
Yunanistan
Norveç
Fransa, 88
Diğer 29 Ülke
Water Quality with Remote Sensing

Remote sensing techniques
can be use to assess several
water quality parameters.
These optical and thermal
sensors on boats, aircraft, and
satellites provide both spatial
and temporal information
needed to understand
changes in water quality
parameters necessary for
developing better
management practices to
improve water quality.
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Coral reef classification with remote 79
sensing
Wireless Sensor Networks for
Water Quality Monitoring
Water is an important natural resource which needs constant
quality monitoring for ensuring its safe use. Traditionally, the water
quality detection has been carried out manually wherein the water
samples are collected and taken to the laboratories for analysis.
Since these methods fail to deliver real time data, we propose a river
water quality monitoring system based on wireless sensor network
which helps in continuous and remote monitoring of the water quality
data in India. The system architecture is based on hierarchical
topology in which the monitoring scenario is divided into four general
areas; each forming a cluster comprising of several wireless sensor
nodes responsible for sensing, data collection & processing and
communication. The wireless sensor node in the system is designed for
monitoring three of the main parameters that affect the quality of
water, i.e. pH, conductivity and temperature of water. The proposed
sensor node design mainly comprises of a signal conditioning
module,processing module which is implemented using PIC
microcontroller and wireless communication module consisting of
Zigbee radio. This system provides an energy efficient and low cost
sensor unit for monitoring water quality through the use of
inexpensive, low power devices for the hardware design.
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2.6.3 Navigation Systems in
Tourism Sector
82

Navigation systems help us to find our way in the whole
world.You just need an application and a mobile phone or
gps system. You can use these systems easily and arrive
where you want to.For example you are in a big city like
New York, and you are a foreign people, you dont need to
ask anybody to go to place where you are looking for.You
can use this technology and follow the instructions that
navigation tells you.

In another example, one of the most popular hotels in the
world ‘Rixos Hotel’ is using this system for their guests.This
kind of big hotels have lots of places to entertainment and
big opportunities for their guests.Tourists can use this
navigation system and they can find the activity place
easily by getting direction from this system so they can be
aware all of activites and there will be no
missunderstanding.
2.7 World Tourism Organization
Tourism Report and Turkey
83

An ever increasing number of destinations have opened up
and invested in tourism, turning tourism into a key driver of
socio-economic progress through export revenues, the
creation of jobs and enterprises,and infrastructure
development.

Over the past six decades, tourism experienced continued
expansion and diversifi cation, becoming one of the largest and
fastest-growing economic sectors in the world. Many new
destinations have emerged apart from the traditional favourites of
Europe and North America.

Despite occasional shocks, international tourist arrivals have shown
virtually uninterrupted growth – from 25 million in 1950, to 278
million in1980, 528 million in 1995, and 1,035 million in 2012.
Tourism report
84
85
86
87
TOP 10
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89
90
TOPLAM - Total
YABANCI - Foreigner
ZİYARETÇİ
ORTALAMA
YILLAR
TURİZM GELİRİ
SAYISI
HARCAMA
Years
Tourism Receipt
Number of
Average
Visitors
Expenditure
( 1000 $ )
GSM+Marina
Hizmet
Harcamaları
ZİYARETÇİ
ORTALAMA
ZİYARETÇİ
ORTALAMA
TURİZM GELİRİ
SAYISI
HARCAMA
TURİZM GELİRİ
SAYISI
HARCAMA
Tourism Receipt
Number of
Average
Tourism Receipt
Number of
Average
Foreigner
Expenditure
Citizens
Expenditure
(***)
($)
VATANDAŞ - Citizen
( 1000 $ )
($)
( 1000 $ )
($)
2003
13 854 866
16 302 053
850
113 339
10 141 116
13 701 419
740
3 600 411
2 600 634
1 384
2004
17 076 606
20 262 640
843
152 937
13 061 118
17 202 996
759
3 862 552
3 059 644
1 262
2005
20 322 112
24 124 501
842
221 915
15 725 813
20 522 621
766
4 374 383
3 601 880
1 214
2006
18 593 951
23 148 669
803
211 580
13 918 757
19 275 948
722
4 463 614
3 872 721
1 153
2007
20 942 500
27 214 988
770
302 303
15 936 347
23 017 081
692
4 703 850
4 197 907
1 121
2008
25 415 067
30 979 979
820
384 332
19 612 296
26 431 124
742
5 418 439
4 548 855
1 191
2009
25 064 482
32 006 149
783
310 150
19 063 702
27 347 977
697
5 690 629
4 658 172
1 222
2010
24 930 997
33 027 943
755
262 627
19 110 003
28 510 852
670
5 558 366
4 517 091
1 231
2011
28 115 692
36 151 328
778
254 753
22 222 454
31 324 528
709
5 638 484
4 826 800
1 168
2012
29 007 003
36 463 921
795
242 261
22 410 364
31 342 464
715
6 354 378
5 121 457
1 241
2013(*)
32 310 424
39 226 226
824
227 952
25 322 291
33 827 474
749
6 760 180
5 398 752
1 252
UNWTO Tourism Towards 2030: Actual trend
and forecast 1950-2030
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2.8 Turkey’s Advantages in
Tourism

The environment (seas, beaches, mountains,
weather, geographical situation etc.)

Interest in health tourism is rising.

Interest in Turkey is rising in developing countries

Better opportunities according to their components

Wide shopping opportinites(carpets,leather,jewelery
etc.)

Number of travelling firms and transportation firms is
rising
92
2.9 Turkey’s Disadvantages in
Tourism

Because of the competition, marketing prices is
low and this becomes an attraction for tourists but
income is decreasing

Most of the activities occurs in summer season

Turkey has insufficiency in infrastructure for winter
tourism.
93
2.10 The Advantages of ETourism to Turkey’s Tourism

7/24 hours service

They can see the places by brochures in the web
sites so that it helps the tourists to decide the
place where to go.

Tourists can buy their plane, bus etc. tickets or
make reservations to hotels, hostels etc. via web
sites and they do not need to go to the offices.

Little companies can compete large ones.

Provides advantage of low cost to the companies

Easy to gather statistical info via visitor counter in
the web site.
94
2.11 Applications Related to
E-Tourism
95
For e-turism applications can be used to present the countries
or the cities more effectively on developer side. They increase
accessibility.
On user side, we use these applications to get information
about a country or a city, to learn its attractions, and options
that the place offers us. They can make our journey richer on
the content and planning the journey easier. They can help
you save money
1) Before going to the country you can explore its
touristic locations to get information.
96
Cities can present their attractions in more inviting
ways.
97
Thanks to the apps you know your options. You don’t
starve  You can plan your journeys easier.
98
You can learn the activity calender of the place you
want to visit, and make your trip richer on the content.
99
2) You can book your accommodation in your way.
10
0
Rixos hotels’ application for android devices showing
the locations of hotels on map.
10
1
3) Deciding how and when to travel is easier.
10
2
4) Your transportation style can be ready for you once
you get there.
10
3
5) An application that translates your phrases to any
language you want can be very useful.
10
4
You do not have to stick to a human guide in a touristic
spot, with an audio guide you can explore the place by
yourself.
10
5
References
10
6

http://www.fondazionecariplo.org/e-culture-among-universitystudents.html

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-e-newspapers.htm

http://whenihavetime.com/2009/03/09/what-are-ebooksadvantages-and-disadvantages-of-electronic-books/#popular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library#Digital_archives

http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/Music.html#I

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management#Commo
n_DRM_techniques

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management#Commo
n_DRM_techniques

http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/Music.html#I

http://www.thejourneytourism.com/services/tourism-emarketing/etourism-strategies/