Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
INDEKS KELESTARIAN
LINGKUNGAN
=
Environmental
Sustainability Index
EKO-EFISIENSI
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
ECO-EFFICIENCY
The term eco-efficiency was coined by the World Business
Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in its 1992
publication "Changing Course".
It is based on the concept of creating more goods and services
while using fewer resources and creating less waste and
pollution.
According to the WBCSD definition, eco-efficiency is achieved
through the delivery of "competitively priced goods and services
that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life while
progressively reducing environmental impacts of goods and
resource intensity throughout the entire life-cycle to a level at
least in line with the Earth's estimated carrying capacity.“
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-efficiency ……………… 29/11/2012
ECO-EFFICIENCY
This EE-concept describes a vision for the production of
economically valuable goods and services while reducing the
ecological impacts of production. In other words ecoefficiency means producing more with less.
According to the WBCSD, critical aspects of eco-efficiency
are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A reduction in the material intensity of goods or services;
A reduction in the energy intensity of goods or services;
Reduced dispersion of toxic materials;
Improved recyclability;
Maximum use of renewable resources;
Greater durability of products;
Increased service intensity of goods and services.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-efficiency ……………… 29/11/2012
ECO-EFFICIENCY
According to Boulanger (Boulanger, P.M. 2010. “Three strategies for
sustainable consumption”. S.A.P.I.EN.S. 3 (2), all versions of ecoefficiency share four key characteristics:
1. Confidence in technological innovation as the main solution to unsustainability;
2. Reliance on business as the principal actor of transformation. The
emphasis is on firms designing new products, shifting to new
production processes, and investing in R&D, etc., more than on the
retailer or the consumer, let alone the citizen.
3. Trust in markets (if they are functioning well);
4. “Growthphilia”: there is nothing wrong with growth as such.
Moreover, with “cradle-to-cradle”, growth is conducive to
sustainability per se.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-efficiency ……………… 29/11/2012
INTENSITAS SUMBERDAYA
Resource intensity is a measure of the resources (e.g. water, energy,
materials) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of
good or service, or for the completion of a process or activity; it is
therefore a measure of the efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed
as the quantity of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per $1
spent on product.
In national economic and sustainability accounting it can be calculated as
units of resource expended per unit of GDP. When applied to a single
person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of
consumption. Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or
environmental cost of converting resource into GDP; low resource
intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting
resource into GDP.
Lorentzen, J. (ed) 2008. Resource intensity, knowledge and
development: insights from Africa and South America. HSRC Press,
South Africa. ISBN 0-7969-2213-6 ISBN 13978-07969-2213-7.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_intensity ……………… 29/11/2012
PRODUCTIVITAS SUMBERDAYA
Resource productivity and resource intensity are key concepts used in
sustainability measurement as they measure attempts to decouple the
connection between resource use and environmental degradation.
Resource productivity is the quantity of good or service (outcome) that is
obtained through the expenditure of unit resource. This can be expressed in
monetary terms as the monetary yield per unit resource. For example, when
applied to crop irrigation it is the yield of crop obtained through use of a given
volume of irrigation water, the “crop per drop”, which could also be expressed
as monetary return from product per use of unit irrigation water.
Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and
environmental cost. Although these concepts are two sides of the same coin, in
practice they involve very different approaches and can be viewed as
reflecting, on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome
per unit of resource use (resource productivity) and, on the other hand, the
efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome
(resource intensity).
The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while
minimizing resource intensity.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_intensity ……………… 29/11/2012
SUSTAINABILITY
Resource productivity and resource intensity are key concepts used in sustainability
measurement as they attempt to decouple the direct connection between resource use
and environmental degradation.
Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and
environmental cost. Although these concepts are two sides of the same coin, in
practice they involve very different approaches and can be viewed as reflecting, on the
one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use
(resource productivity) and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource
consumption as resource use per unit outcome (resource intensity).
The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing
resource intensity.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_productivity……………… 29/11/2012
SUSTAINABLE VALUE
Sustainable value is based on the notion of opportunity costs. Opportunity costs are
used in financial markets to calculate the cost of capital.
In financial markets, the cost of using $ 100 over the course of one year is
determined by the return that could have been generated through an alternative
investment of the capital. Sustainable Value is the first concept to extend this logic to
environmental and social resources.
Sustainable value is calculated in five steps:
1. Calculate the environmental, social and economic efficiencies of the entity using the
resources. Efficiency is calculated by relating the return to resource use.
2. Calculate the environmental, social and economic efficiencies of the benchmark (= calculate
opportunity costs).
3. Calculate the value spreads by subtracting the efficiency of the benchmark (Step 2) from the
efficiency of the entity (Step 1).
4. Calculate the value contributions by multiplying the amount of environmental, social and
economic resources used with the corresponding value spread (Step 3), respectively.
5. Calculate sustainable value by adding up the value contributions (Step 4) and dividing by
the number of resources considered. This avoids double counting.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Value ……………… 29/11/2012
OPPORTUNITY COST
Opportunity cost is the cost of any activity measured in terms of the value
of the next best alternative forgone (that is not chosen). It is the sacrifice
related to the second best choice available to someone, or group, who has
picked among several mutually exclusive choices.
The opportunity cost is also the "cost" (as a lost benefit) of the forgone
products after making a choice. Opportunity cost is a key concept in
economics, and has been described as expressing "the basic relationship
between scarcity and choice".
The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in ensuring that scarce
resources are used efficiently.
Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs: the
real cost of output forgone, lost time, pleasure or any other benefit that
provides utility should also be considered opportunity costs.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost ……………… 28/11/2012
.Ekoefisiensi - RTH Kota
Eco-efficiency
• Makes becoming more efficient good business
sense.
• More value from lower inputs of materials &
energy with reduced emissions
• Applies throughout a company - all
departments
• Ada tiga tujuan besar
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
TUJUAN 1
Mengurangi konsumsi sumberdaya
– energy
– materials
– water
– land
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
TUJUAN 2
Mengurangi dampak lingkungan dengan
jalan meminimumkan:
– air emissions
– water discharges
– waste disposal
– dispersion of toxic substances
– and sustainable use of renewable resources
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
TUJUAN 3
Meningkatkan nilai produk atau jasa dengan jalan
menyediakan lebih banyak manfaat bagi
konsumen melalui:
– product functionality
– flexibility
– modularity
– focussing on selling functional needs
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Tujuan tambahan
Implement and Environmental Management
System to drive this approach:
– ensures all risks and opportunities are identified &
managed
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Implementasi Eco-efficiency
• Ada empat tahapan implementasi
• Works in all types of organisations from Large
transnational companies to small & medium
sized enterprises (SMEs)
• Applicable in developing countries and
emerging economies as well as industrialised
nations
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Step One
Rekayasa proses untuk:
– reduce consumption of resources
– reduce pollution
– Menghindari risiko
– Menghemat biaya
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Step Two
• Co-operate with other companies to find new
ways to deal with by-products from their
processes
– striving for zero-waste or 100% product targets can
help find other companies who use their so-called
waste
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Step Three
Redesign products using sustainable or
ecodesign techniques to:
– use less energy
– use less water
– Menggunakan sedikit material
– Memungkinkan daur-ulang
– Dll.
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Step Four
Identify new ways of meeting customer needs
– work with stakeholders to rethink markets &
reshape demand and supply
– find different and better ways to satisfy needs
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Sejarah Eco-efficiency
1. Pertamakali digunakan peneliti Swiss tahun 1990
2. Idea that preventing pollution and avoiding waste
pays off financially pre-dates this by 15 years
3. 3M initiated its pollution prevention pays (3P) in
1975 - $800 million savings in first years through
4000 projects
4. Dow Chemicals followed with Waste Reduction
Always Pays (WRAP) programme
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Sejarah Eco-efficiency
• Concept taken up by World Business Council for
Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
• WBCSD helped many companies in Europe, North &
Latin America adopt the principle (now on other
continents)
• WBCSD stated that “only what gets measured gets
done” so they developed a framework for measuring
eco-efficiency
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Keterbatasan Eco-Efficiency
1. Increase efficiency will not be enough but instead
need an absolute cutback in resource use.
2. Eco-effectiveness instead - use innovation more
3. Sufficiency rather than efficiency
4. Only cover two of three elements of sustainability
5. However it is not meant to be an all-inclusive panacea
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Mengarahkan peluang ekoefisiensi
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
VW Lupo
•
•
•
•
•
Brought to market 1999
Fuel consumption 3 litres per 100 km
Innovative design with eco-efficiency elements
Low-emissions
VW state that performance is optimised throughout life
cycle Built from recycled steel
• Production minimises waste & emissions
• Designed for dismantling and recycling
• Meets customers needs – good driving performance at low
price
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Car Sharing in Switzerland
• Since 1997 Swiss Federal Railways co-operated with a car sharing
company.
• Service for people who frequently want to use a car without
buying one.
• Cars parked at pre-defined places, ready for use for a preannounced period of time
• 1300 cars in 330 communities in Switzerland
• Members change travel behaviour - 2/3rds travel by public
transport
• Car sharers consume less than half the amount of fuel they did
when they had their own car
Diunduh dari sumber: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/susdesign/LTSN/Blocks/.../Eco-efficiency.ppt
Ekoefisiensi……...!!
Apakah Eco-Efficiency cukup ?
Achieved through the delivery of “competitively
priced goods and services that satisfy human
needs and bring quality of life while
progressively reducing environmental impacts
and resource intensity throughout the entire
life-cycle to a level in line with the Earth’s
estimated carrying capacity.”
NO
Diunduh dari: www.environmentalmanager.org/.../eco-efficiency-eco-effectiveness.ppt
Menuju Paradigma Baru
Eco-Effectiveness
Eco-Efficiency
Diunduh dari: www.environmentalmanager.org/.../eco-efficiency-eco-effectiveness.ppt
Eco-Efficiency vs. Eco-Effectiveness
• Maximize profit / growth
• Cradle to Grave
• Using Less
• Maximize Productivity
• Relative Measure
• Minimize Loss
• Efficient Design
• Narrow View
• Continual Improvement
Minimize Footprint
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stability
Cradle to Cradle
Using Less
Minimize Impact
Absolute Measure
No Net Loss
Effective Design
Holistic View
Radical Innovation
Stabilize Footprint
Diunduh dari: www.environmentalmanager.org/.../eco-efficiency-eco-effectiveness.ppt
Drivers
Consumerism
Purchasing
Disruptive
Innovation
Policy Makers
Industry
Incentives (+,-)
Volunteer Policies
Restoration
Offset
Diunduh dari: www.environmentalmanager.org/.../eco-efficiency-eco-effectiveness.ppt
Menuju Paradigma Baru
Consumerism
Innovation
Restoration
Offset
Incentives
Volunteer Programs
Eco-Efficiency
Purchasing
Eco-Effectiveness
Industry
Policy Efficiency
Diunduh dari: www.environmentalmanager.org/.../eco-efficiency-eco-effectiveness.ppt
Kemana kita akan menuju?
• How to define and measure industry’s
footprint
• How to define and measure
system/community footprint
• How to define and measure firm’s footprint
• How can an environmental manager influence
this paradigm shift
Diunduh dari: www.environmentalmanager.org/.../eco-efficiency-eco-effectiveness.ppt
.Ekoefisiensi – Sistem transportasi kota
Eco-efficiency
1. ”Resource-Productivity & Ecoefficiency”
Friedrich Hinterberger and Phillipp Schepelmann
2. ”Eco-efficiency, creating more value with less
impact”
World Business Council for Sustainable Development,
2000.
3. "Defining and Measuring Eco-efficiency"
Livio D. Desimone and Frank Popoff
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Resource-Productivity &
Ecoefficiency
Friedrich Hinterberger
Philipp Schepelmann
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Definisi Eko-Efisiensi
1. “Doing more with less”
2. “Securing development with minimized use
of natural resources”.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Interpretasinya:
“A partial translation of ecological science into
economic terms”.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Pembangunan berkelanjutan dapat dicapai:
if economical growth is accompanied by an
absolute reduction of material and energy
(decoupling)
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Relations between ”resource productivity” and ”work”:
• Restructuring our economy and societies will
lead to an increase in employment (e.g. in the
construction, transport and service sector).
• New jobs will be created in the ecological sector
• But that is not enough…
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Re-evaluation & re-distribution of labour :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Priority for the creation of useful employment
Reduction of working hours
Introduction of a minimal per capita support
Shifting the tax burden from labour to resource
use
5. Re-evaluation of labour in the informal sector
(e.g. housewives)
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Re-evaluation & re-distribution of labour :
• These reforms would result in a strengthening
of local and regional economies (regional
supply) and the primary sector (resource- and
food-production)
• “In a sustainable society labour will contribute
to quality of life.”
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Strategi Komprehensif di Sweden.
• Meta – a societal consensus on the objective of
sustainable development which encompasses
competitiveness, social justice and ecoefficiency
• Micro – ecologically oriented enterprises and
consumers
• Meso – the reform of economic institutions and
networks
• Macro – fiscal, monetary and distributional conditions
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Strategi Komprehensif di Sweden.
• Meta – awareness-raising, capacity- and consensus
building, stake-holder dialogue
• Micro – indicators for small and medium sized
enterprises (SME), financial sector, consumer
behaviour
• Meso - awareness-raising, sectorial targets, culture and
tradition-building
• Macro – ecological tax reform and other instruments,
EMU, indicators
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Eco-efficiency
Creating more value with less impact
World Business Council for
Sustainable Development
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Apa makna Eco-efficiency?
In simplest terms, eco-efficiency
means creating more goods and services with
ever less use of resources, waste and pollution.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Apa makna Eco-efficiency?
Many business leaders, inside and outside the WBCSD,
often express eco-efficiency
as creating more value with less impact or doing more
with less .
Academic experts and practitioners term eco-efficiency
the synthesis of economic and environmental efficiency
in parallel , where the prefix eco stands for both
economy and ecology.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Eco-efficiency dalam konteks yang luas
Eco-efficiency is a concept
with much to offer for many.
It can be used for a variety of purposes and
applied on various levels.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Eco-efficiency dalam konteks yang luas
1. Eco-efficiency is a key concept for helping companies,
individuals,governments and other organizations to
become more sustainable.
2. Eko-efisiensi tidak cukup sendirian, karena ia hanya
mengintegrasikan dua unsur keberlanjutan, yaitu
ekonomi dan ekologi, sedangkan unsur ke tiga, yaitu
aspek sosial tidak dilibatkan.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Agenda Bisnis & Politik
BUSINESS
1.Reducing the
consumption of
resources
2.Reducing the impact on
Nature
3.Increasing product or
service value
POLITICAL
1. Identifying and eliminating
perverse subsidies
2. Internalizing environmental costs
3. Shifting tax from labor and profit
to resource use and pollution
4. Developing and implementing
economic instruments
5. Promoting voluntary initiatives
and negotiated agreements
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
How Do the Skeptics of Eco-efficiency Argue?
Problem
1. Some claim that a
relative increase in
company eco-efficiency
is not enough.
Answer
1. Eco-efficiency is much
more about innovation
and the need for change
toward functional needs
and service intensity, to
contribute to decoupling growth from
resources.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Problem
2. There is also the claim
that using fewer
resources per unit of
production fails to deliver
progress toward
sustainability if the
number of units
continues to increase
faster than the gains in
resource productivity.
Answer
2. In our view, it is more
important to opt for a
different way of living that
can offer a better quality of
life and more welfare for all,
while limiting the use of
resource and pollution
to acceptable levels.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Problem
3. It is also claimed that
eco-efficiency will not
work in poor economies
because preventing
pollution is too costly
and requires legal
enforcement and
substantial financial help.
Answer
3. Companies can achieve
big improvements in
developing
countries and countries
in transition where
resources were
previously not used
efficiently.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
The Business Agenda
How companies turn the challenge of
sustainablity into business
opportunities
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Tujuh elemen Eco-efficiency
1. Reducing the material requirements for goods and
services
2. Reducing the energy intensity of goods and services
3. Reducing toxic dispersion
4. Enhancing material recyclability
5. Maximising sustainable use of renewable resources
6. Extending product durability
7. Increasing the service intensity of goods and services
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Lima Elemen untuk laporan Eco-efficiency
korporat
1 organization profile
2 value profile
3 environmental profile
4 Eco-efficiency Rations
5 methodological Information
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Plastics from ELVs
The cars themselves are built from recycled materials using production methods
which minimize waste and emissions
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Agenda Politik
How Governments can make ecoefficiency work for Society
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Agenda Politik untuk Eco-efficiency
1. Identify and eliminate perverse subsidies
2. Internalize environmental costs
3. Shift tax from labour and profit to resource use and
pollution
4. Develop and implement economic instruments
5. Promote voluntary initiatives and negotiated
agreements
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Eco-efficiency & Pembangunan Makro-ekonomi
• Eco-efficiency is a leadership practice to meet the
future needs of society and reach a competitive and
innovative economy.
• By quantifying eco-efficiency with macro-level
indicators governments can measure progress on ecoefficiency targets.
• Incentives can be used to reward eco-efficiency and
guide innovation in the right direction.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
12 Aksi untuk masa depan yang Eco-efficient
Governmental leaders and civil servants
• Set macro-economic eco-efficiency targets and
conversion criteria for sustainable development
• Integrate policy measures to strengten eco-efficiency
• Work toward changing international policy rules and
systems for trade and financial transactions etc.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Pemimpin masyarakat dan Konsumen
4. Encourage consumers to prefer eco-efficient, more
sustainable products and services
5. Support political measures to create framework
conditions wich reward eco-efficiency
Pendidik
6. Include eco-efficiency and sustainability in high school
and university curricula and build it into research and
development programs
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
ANALIS Financial & Investors
7. Recognize and reward eco-efficiency and sustainability
as investment criteria
8. Help eco-efficienct companies and sustainability
leaders to communicate their progress and related
business benifits to financial markets
9. Promote and use assessment tools and sustainability
ratings to support the markets and to help widen
understanding of eco-efficiency benefits
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Pemimpin Bisnis
7. Integrate eco-efficiency into their business
strategy
8. Report company eco-efficiency and
sustainability performance openly to
stakeholders
9. Support policy measures which reward ecoefficiency
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
"Defining and Measuring Ecoefficiency"
Livio D. Desimone & Frank Popoff
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Eco-efficiency bermakna “doing more with less”
The definitions has five themes:
1. Emphasis on service
2. Focus on needs and quality of life.
3. Considerations of the entire product life cycle
4. Limits to a eco capacity
5. Process view
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
The WBCSD has outlined the following actions to implement
eco-efficiency:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reduce the material intensity of goods and service
Reduce the energy intensity of goods and services
Reduce toxic dispersion
Enhance material recyclability
Maximize sustainable use of renewable resources
Extend product durability
Increase the service intensity of goods and services
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Mengukur Eco-efficiency
1. Eko-efisiensi sangat sulit diukur.
2. Eco-efficiency measures environmental effect.
3. It can be measured between economic output
and environmental input
.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
Eco Capacity
The eco-efficiency bottom line is to make
profits within the eco- capacity.
Eco capacity is difficult to calculate but it is clear
that limits are being reached in many places.
Diunduh dari: www.ima.kth.se/im/3c1395/Eco-efficiency.ppt
.Ruang terbuka Hijau - Ekoefisiensi