Chapter 3 – Human Body
Systems
Tina Miklius

Lesson 1 – What is the circulatory System?
• The circulatory system moves material around the body
– Parts: Blood, heart, blood vessels
 It brings food and oxygen to body cells and removes cells ’ wastes.

Plasma • Carries food, water, and chemicals to cells and wastes away from cells
Platelets
RBCs
WBCs
• Parts of cells, used to form blood clots (scabs)
• Carry oxygen to the body
• Protect body from germs and foreign matter

Platelets
Pieces of cells that float in the blood. They stop bleeding if a blood vessel is cut. They clump together and stick to edges of a cut. They form long sticky threads and “jam” up a cut.

Carries food and water to cells and carries wastes away.
Carries chemicals around body. The “fluid” part of blood

RBCs
Carry oxygen to body cells. Bright red while they carry oxygen, then dark red without oxygen

Protect body against germs and harmful things. Wrap around and break down germs, waste matter, dead cells, cels with germs, make chemicals to kill germs
Body makes more white cells if needs to fight infection
WBCs

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bZUeb83uU&feature=related

Valves with DR.OZ
• Wow! You can understand Big Ideas here!
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/sharecare/3
1112-dr-oz-aortic-valve-disease-video.htm

• http://www.smm.org/heart/heart/circ.htm
• http://vimeo.com/12746026
3 main types:
• 1. Arteries
– Carry blood AWAY from <3
• 2. Veins
– Carry blood TOWARD <3
• 3. Capillaries
– Connect arteries to veins
– Allow exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and other materials b/w blood and cells

ARTERIES
• Carry blood away from the heart-
– Thickest walls
– Carry oxygen-rich blood to the body

VEINS
Carry blood that needs oxygen back to the heart.
- Thinner walls than arteries

CAPILLARIES

VALVES
• A Faucet is a type of valve. What does a valve do???

VALVES
• They are flaps that act like doors to keep blood flowing in one direction.
• They open to allow blood to flow to the heart and close if blood begins to flow away from the heart.
• They are found in VEINS ONLY!!!!!!!!

DO NOW
• Lay your hand (palm side up) on their desk and count how many times you can open and close your hand for one minute.
• What is your hand doing??
• What part of the body might your hand represent???

DO NOW:
• What are the 4 parts of blood and briefly say what each does
• What are 3 three types of blood vessels

THE HEART!
• Procedure
• Help the students locate their pulse points either on their wrists or necks. Ask students to place their right index and middle finger on the palm side of their left wrist. On the neck, the pulse point is located beneath the ear and jawbone. How do I find my pulse?
• Count the number of beats in 15 seconds. Multiply this by four
(15x4=60, there are 60 seconds in one minute). This is how many times the heart beats in one minute. Have students enter this "at rest" heart rate on their chart. (Student pulse rate at rest will vary between 60 - 110 beats per minute. Adult rates are lower.)
• Do some exercise such as running in place, jumping jacks, or other exercise for one minute. Stop and calculate pulse again over 15 seconds. Calculate the heart rate for each activity and show this on the graph.

Parts of the Heart
• Heart is a double pump.
• Right side:
– Collects blood that already went to the body and sends it to the lungs
• Left side:
– Collects blood that came from the lungs and is rich in OXYGEN and sends it to the arteries to go to the body

Listen to the Heart!
• http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/lesson4.h
tm

The HEART – Cool websites
• http://www.smm.org/studio3d/julie/heartho me.htm

DO NOW
• Put your hands on your sides just slightly higher than your waist.
• Take a few deep breaths
• What physical changes do you feel during each breath?
• What organs allow you to take deep breaths?

The Respiratory System
The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.
How does it do this???
By BREATHING!!!!!!!!!!

STEP ONE!
• Where is the oxygen that our body needs? How is our body going to get it?
It ’ s outside, all around us. We obtain it by breathing through our mouths and noses. We pull the air into us!

How would you describe mucus? What
Does it do? Is it important?
Mucus = a sticky, thick fluid that traps dust, germs, and other things that might be in the air

What happens when we breathe?
When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means getting oxygen to the blood.

OKAY…. So .
• We ’ ve now got the oxygen from the air around us into our body. Our sinuses warm it up and moisten it, and our mucus is there to make sure that no invaders get into our body!
The air is going to go past your voice box ( larynx ). But what is the goal?
Where are we trying to get the air to and how is it going to get there??

Well…. It ’ s gonna get to your lungs through a tube.
Trachea = tube that carries air from the larynx to your lungs.
This tube has to break into two paths (one for each lung). The two new tubes are called
bronchi.
Bronchioles = bronchi break into smaller and smaller tubes

• Okay, we got the oxygen THROUGH the nose and mouth, the sinuses, past the larynx, down the trachea, split to the bronchi, split further into bronchioles…
• Where ’ s the final destination we want to get the oxygen?

Brachioles end in Air sacs. Air sacs are where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.

• I told you that you breathe in air through your mouth and nose. It ’ s true that the air comes in through there, but the reason it does is because of something else!

Parts of The Respiratory system
Mouth, nose, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, air sacs, mucus,
The cells lining the air tubes are covered in tiny hairs called cilia. The cilia move back and forth to sweep the mucus upwards towards the throat. This helps to remove the dust and micro-organisms. The mucus is usually swallowed.

http://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.ht
m http://lung.ca/children/grades4_6/respiratory/ index.html

Read pages 72-73. see diagrams

Respiratory and Circulatory System working together
• The bronchioles branch into smaller and smaller tube that end with a cluster of air sas.
Air sacs are surrounded by capillaries. From the air sacs, oxygen passes into the blood of capillaries and carbon dioxide goes from the blood into the air sacs.

Respiratory Disease
• Cold – ( virus)
– – runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing
• Influenza – (virus)
– – cough, sore throat, stuff nose
• Pneumonia – (bacteria or virus)
– – cough, chest pain, shortness of breath
• Tuberculosis – (bacteria)
– – cough, fever, wheezing
• Lung Cancer – (tobacco, chemicals)
– – lung cells grow incorrectly and quickly

Digestive System
• Function = organs break down food so that nutrients can enter the blood and reach the body ’ s cells
How food can go from a sandwich and salad and be turned into the energy needed to hit a home run is amazing. The food will pass through more than 22 feet of tubing, be mixed with chemicals from four different glands, be separated between useful and not useful elements and the whole process could take more than 14 hours!

Digestion has 2 Missions:
1. Break down the food we eat into parts SO
TINY, that the useful elements of food can actually be absorbed into our bloodstream and sent throughout our body.
2. Get rid of any leftover parts of the food that our body can't use.

• Digestion starts here. Teeth start tearing and crushing the food down into small enough pieces so that it can fit down our throats.

Step 2 – The Saliva
The salivary gland in located underneath the back of our tongue. It creates our saliva or spit. This helps soften the food in the mouth so that it is easier to swallow. Saliva is also the first chemical to start breaking down foods into simpler forms.
Lots of times, saliva starts working before you start eating. When seeing tasty food makes your mouth water, your digestive system is preparing to do its job!!!

Step 3 – The TONGUE :-P
The tongue is a muscle that works with the food and saliva to form a "ball" that can be swallowed. Of course, the tongue also contains taste buds that helps us tell the difference between salty, sour, sweet, and bitter foods.
The mushed up ball is called a “bolus”

Step 4 – The Esophagus
The esophagus is simply a transportation tube from the mouth to the stomach. When we swallow, what we are really doing is closing a trap door in our throat called the epiglottis. This sends food down the esophagus and prevents food from going down the trachea (or windpipe) and into our lungs. Food moves down the esophagus using muscles not gravity.
The
Esophagus!

Step 5 – the S t o m a c h
The first stop after the esophagus is the stomach. Once the food gets to the stomach the stomach uses chemicals to try to make the food tinier. These chemicals include hydrochloric acid and enzymes (chemicals that break down food).
The food is moved around in the stomach and mixed with the chemicals for about 3 or 4 hours.
When it is done in the stomach, the food is now a cream-like liquid call chyme .
The food is still not small enough the get into our blood stream and it has not provided the body with anything useful yet.
Now a valve at the end of the stomach opens sending the food on. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URHBBE3RKEs

Stomach cont ’ d
• Rings of muscle squeeze the top and bottom of the stomach to keep food inside.
• The walls of your stomach can expand when you eat a lot

The “ Sphincters ” are the muscles.
The fundus are the folds in your stomach

Heartburn??!?!?

DIGESTION VIDEOS
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2r1sHjL
X0
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7jKCfx-
0Mo&NR=1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ea7LtEZ
OYk&feature=related
– Kids version
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08VyJOEc
Dos
– Good for epiglottis

Liver and Pancreas
• Make important chemicals for digestion

Step 6 – The Small Intestine
 The small intestine is the real hero of the digestive system. It is a tube about 22 feet long!

This is where the real digestion takes place. Food is mixed with new chemicals and soon our "food" is digested small enough to be used by the body.
 Along the walls of the intestine are thousands of tiny
“fingers” called villi. Blood vessels
(capillaries) in the villi can absorb the tiny food molecules and send them off to the rest of our body.

Step 7 – The LARGE intestine
“ Colon ”
 Whatever the body can’t put to use is sent to the large intestine.
(
Many plants, for example, have parts which cannot be digested.)
 The big job of the large intestine is to remove water and salt. Water was needed up until now, but now the large intestine sends water back into the blood stream .
 Food spends about 12 hours in the large intestine later leaves the body when we go to the bathroom.
Bacteria in the large intestine are helpful to make vitamins and fight off bad bacteria.

The urinary system 
The cells in your body produce waste when they do their job. Then, they dump that waste into the blood. That waste would poison you if you did not get rid of it.
The urinary system takes on this job!

THE KIDNEYS
They are a pair of bean-shaped organs
They remove waste from your blood
They clean the blood and control the level of salt, water, calcium, nutrients, and other chemicals in your blood.
Waste leaves the body along with some water, in the form of
URINE.

DO NOW
• Page 82-83. Answer the multiple choice questions.

HOMEWORK:
• Page 84-85 Chapter review