(1)
(3)
(1,)
Etukudoh, Ndarake Emmanuel (2) Akpan, Joyce Fidelis (3) Roland Gbarabe (4) Ipadeola,
S. A.
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture Rivers State University of Science and
Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria,
(2) Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agri. University of Calabar
Department of Education, Rivers College Arts and Sciences, Rumola, Rivers State Nigeria. (4)
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture University of Ibadan, Nigeria
E-mail: etukndara@yahoo.com
GSM 07039325652

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The attainment of Millennium Development Goals (MDG), particularly
Goals 1 (Poverty/hunger Alleviation) Goal 7 (Environmental Protection) and in the new partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) sectoral priorities: Agriculture and the Environment, by 2015 remains a major challenge in Nigeria. Unfortunately, climate change is the anti-thesis to this vision. Etukudoh, et al ; (2012 b ), Medugu (2009), predicated the negative impacts of climate change on the capacity of the soil resources to support sustainable food productivities towards the achievement of food security. In 2009, Oloruntade and Oguntunde reported that climate change will increase rainfall variability and impact on the world economy especially in the developing countries.
Considering the global spread of the impact of climate change as well as its diverse manifestations: climate change is often used to described the occurrences of medium terms changes in weather patterns, increased climate variability and more frequent climate extreme such as drought and floods(UNDP, UNEP, and UNCCD, 2009). They highlighted climate change trends to include changes in arctic temperature and Ice, precipitation patterns and amount, ocean salinity, wind patterns and speeds as well as other manifestation of extreme weather conditions.

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This experiment was conducted in the Rivers State
University of Science and Technology Teaching and
Research farm, Port Harcourt. Rivers State lies within tropical rainforest zone of Nigeria located in latitude 4 o 5 1 N and longitude 7 o 01 1 E and on elevation of 18m above Sea level (FAO, 1984) on a Coastal Plain Sand. The area experiences two district seasons - raining and dry seasons. The raining season starts from April and lasts till
October with a brief period of dryness (August Break). The rainfall is heavy with estimated annual range which may vary from 2000-2800mm (FAO, 1984, MANR, Port
Harcourt, 2005). Rainfall pattern is bimodal with peaks in
June and September (Ukpong, 1992). The highest temperature is experienced during the months of February through March and coincides with the overhead assuage of sun (Enwezor et al ., 1990).

Portion of land measuring 15x19m was manually cleared using hoes, cutlasses and shovels in the 2011 planting season. The area was demarcated into
6x19m with a space of 3m apart. One portion was completely roofed using light green transparent waterproof to simulate Green House condition while the alternative experiment was left in the open. Each area was amended with 10 tha-1 poultry manure and tilled to work the poultry manure into soil and left for seven days to settle before planting. The experiment was adequately watered using water can and clean weeding done during the period. The experiment was repeated in the 2012 planting season to in order to evaluate treatment effects.

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Soil pH in 1:2.50 soil water ratio using glass electrode (Udo and
Ogunwale, 1986)
Organic matter by wet oxidation method of Nelson and Sommers (1982).
Total Nitrogen by Marcrokjeldahl digestion and distillation method of
Jackson (1970)
Exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg) were extracted with molar ammonium acetate, K and Na concentration was determined by flame photometry
(Thomas, 1983)
Mg and ca by EDTA titration of Jackson (1970).
Exchangeable acidity (Al plus H) was extracted with KCL and acidity determined by titration (McClean, 1965).
Effective action change capacity was taken as the sum of individual exchangeable bases plus exchange acidity (Kamprath, 1984).
Available P was determined by methods described by Page et al.
, 1982 and Spark (1996)
Mechanical analysis was carried out by hydrometer procedures as described by Klute (1986).

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Table1. Chemical Properties Of Poultry Manure (PM) Used As Soil Amendment.
Parameter measured pH
Total (%)
Available Phosphors (mgkg -1 )
Calcium (mgkg -1 )
Magnesium (mgkg -1 )
Sodium
Potassium
Values
3893.12
578.40
1318.00
1823.00
3.61
922.60
6.99
Table2. Physicochemical properties of the soil used for the study.
Parameter pH (H
2
O)1:2.50
Organic carbon (%)
Total N (%)
Av.P. (mgkg -1 )
Exc. bases (mgkg -1 )
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
% Exc. Acidity
ECEC (mgkg -1 )
% BS
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
57.56
Not Don
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O
5.80
3.31
0.22
267
3. 07
1.30
0.73
0.86
1.35
7.31
81.53
858. 20
84.24
57.56
2011
X
6.70
3.93
0.18
689
7.27
3.15
2.04
2.83
1.43
18.72
92.36
Not Done
Not Done
Not Done
Values
2012
Y
6. 05
3.89
0. 25
467
3.96
2.80
1.83
1.44
1.60
11.63
92.36
Not Done
Not Done
Not Done
X
6.80
4.41
0.31
842
8.59
4.02
3.15
3.94
1.17
20.85
94.31
Not Done
Not Done
Not Done
Textural Class Sandy Loam
Y
6.15
3.76
0.35
498
4.33
2.48
2.11
1.93
1.48
12.03
90.19
Not Done
Not Done
Not Done
Key: O, X and Y = Soil before addition of amendment, Green House and open field experiment respectively
ECEC = Effective cation exchange capacity
Av.P, Exc. Acidity, % BS = Available phosphorus, exchange acidity, Percent base saturation respectively.

Year
2011
2012
Experiment % Seed Emergence x y
X y
90
100
Yield (tha -1 )
100
98
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Key: X, Y = Green House and Field Experiment Respectively.
tha -1 = ton per hectare.
3.52
3.84
4.95
4.20

40
30
20
10
60
50
O
X
Y
0
2011 2012 period
Fig.1 Showing total Heterotrophic Bacterial counts(x10 8 cfug/soil).
Key X, Y = Green house and field experiment respectively cfug/soil = colony forming unit per gram soil.

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
O
X
Y
2011 2012
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Fig.2 Showing Heterotrophic Fungal Counts(x105cfug/soil)
Key: X, Y = Green House and Field experiment respectively tha -1 = Ton per hectare.

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Decreased in Soil pH in the year 2011 and 2012 after the addition of PM may be due to utilization of PM (Carbonaceous material) by soil microorganizations heating to improved biochemical activities. It may also be due to mineralization plant nutrients by soil microbes due to their increase in the presence of PM (microbial food source) as earlier reported by Etukudoh et al ., 2011), Tisdale and Nelson (1975),
Alexander (1977). Gradual increase in the soil pH from 5.80 to 6.80 and to 6.15 in 2012 in the Green House and in the field experimental soil indicated that PM is a good soil amendment material and a food source to soil microorganisms. Higher soil pH observed in the Green House as compared to that of the field therefore means that PM decomposition proceeds faster in the Green House in the field soil condition
Higher percent total nitrogen values observed in the field experiment as compared to that of Green House experiment expressed the degree of sensitivity of nitrification process to environmental influence. It may partly be attributed to the physiological difference of the responsible species as a result of modification of the environment. Subsequent increase in total N in 2012 in all treatment options may have been due to PM decomposition with time and increased rate of mineralization especially in the field.

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