Fiontraithe le Gaeilge
“Ag baint ciall as chuntasaíocht”
Micheal Mac Giolla Easbuig, A.C.A
Mac Giolla Easbuig & a Chomh.
Cuntasóir Cairte
Gleann Cholm Cille
26 Aibreán, 2007
Clár
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Ag plé leis an chuntasóir
Leabharchoiméad agus Cuntasaíocht
Téarmaí Cuntasaíochta
Ag léamh Ráitis Airgeadais (Cuntas Brabúis &
Caillteanais (P & L ) agus Clár Comhardaithe
(Bal Sheet)
• Dualgaisí Stiúrthóirí Chomhlachta
• Léargas ar phacáiste Cuntasaíochta (Sage) agus
Páigh Rolla (Collsoft)
Cuntasaíocht
• Cúiseanna go gcaithfear ráitis airgeadais a
ullmhú?
• Don Bhanc / Institiúid Airgeadais
• Do na Coimisionéirí Ioncaim
• Do Oifig na gCuideachtaí (i gcás
comhlachta)
• Eagraíochtaí Stáit – deontais agus rl
• Duit féin mar dhuine féinfhostaithe nó
stiúrthóir comhlachta le staid reatha agus
torthaí bliana a aimsiú agus a mheas
Ráitis Airgeadais
• Financial Statements provide the basic
means of business communications at a
management level. Without an
understanding of financial information
management cannot communicate the
relative success of its performance.
Cuntasóirí in Éirinn
• Chartered Accountants (CAs) are members of
the Institute of Chartered Accountants
in Ireland (ICAI), the premier body of
accountants which promotes the highest
professional services delivered with integrity.
• The ICAI has a membership of some 13,000
of whom 11,000 are based in either the
Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland.
• www.icai.ie
Cuntasóirí in Éirinn
• The Institute of Certified Public Accountants in
Ireland (CPA) is one of the main Irish accountancy
bodies with in excess of 5,000 members and
students. The CPA designation is the most
commonly used designation worldwide for
professional accountants and the Institute’s
qualification enjoys wide international recognition.
Its current Membership operates in Public
Practice, Industry, Financial Services and the
Public Sector and CPAs work in over 28 countries
around the world.
• www.cpaireland.ie
Cuntasóirí in Éirinn
• CIMA - The Chartered Institute of
Management Accountants - is a leading
membership body that offers an
internationally recognised professional
qualification in management accountancy,
which focuses on accounting for business.
• www.cimaglobal.com
Cuntasóirí in Éirinn
• ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified
Accountants) is the largest and fastestgrowing global professional accountancy
body with 296,000 students and 115,000
members in 170 countries. We aim to offer
the first choice qualifications to people of
application, ability and ambition around the
world who seek a rewarding career in
accountancy, finance and management.
• www.accaglobal.com
Teicneoirí Cuntasaíochta
• The Institute of Accounting Technicians in
Ireland was established in 1983 and has
become the leading accounting technician
body in Ireland. It currently has over
5,800 students and 4,600 members.
• www.iati.ie
www.aat.co.uk
Leabharchoiméad V Cuntasaíocht
• Is obair laethúil / seachtainiúil í
leabharchoiméad
• Taiféad ar gníomhaíochtaí laethúla an ghnó
• Ní gá go mbeadh oiliúint phroifisiúnta ag
leabharchoiméadaí – duine eagraithe,
cúramach, díograsach
• Cuirtear na leabhair chuig cuntasóir ag
deireadh na bliana mar bhunábhar na ráitis
airgeadais
Leabharchoiméad
Purchases Book to record details of all items purchased
Cheque Payments Book to record details of payments for Purchases
Sales Book to record details of Sales
Cash Book (Income Book) to record details of money received for Sales
Creditors Ledger – to record details of transactions in respect of each
supplier to my company
Debtors Ledger – to record details of transactions in respect of each
person / company to whom I sell
Plean Gnó
Plean Gnó
A business plan is a document that summarises
the following points about your business:
Where it has come from
• Where it is now
• Where it is going in the future
• How it intends to get there
• How much money it needs to fulfil its plans
• What makes it likely to succeed
• What threats or disadvantages must be
overcome on the way.
Struchtúir Gnó
• Trádalaí Aonair
• Unincorporated Entity / Coiste
Forbartha
• Páirtíocht
• Comhlacht Teoranta
– Comhlacht le scaireanna
– Comhlacht faoi theorainn rathaíochta
Tradalaí Aonair
Buntaistí
• No legal formalities compared to other structures.
• The sole trader / unincorporated entity is not
required to register accounts with any body apart
from the usual PAYE / PRSI and income tax
requirements, therefore confidentiality is
maintained.
• The income from the business is personal income
and most business expenses can be offset against it
for tax purposes. The tax is paid at personal rates.
• Total responsibility for the business is in the hands
of the owner.
• The relative ease of winding up the business /
activity
Mí-Bhuntaistí
• The owner is personally liable for all debts of
the business. Coistí???
• Since there is only one owner of the business,
there is a limit to the amount of capital that can
be raised for operations. Many may stay small
because of financial restrictions.
• The life of the business depends entirely on the
owner
Páirtnéireacht ( & Co.)
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A partnership is defined in legal terms as ‘the relation
which subsists between persons carrying on a business,
with a view to profit’. In essence, it is an extension of
the concept of the sole trader, which covers cases
where two or more people join together to start a
business. Partnerships can have up to twenty
members, some of whom may be "sleeping partners",
who have contributed capital to the enterprise, but
who have no say in the running of the business.
Greater Financial Resources
Partnership Agreement
Improved Decision Making
Privacy Maintained
Páirtnéireacht
Mí-bhuntaistí
• All partners are liable for the debts of the
business on a joint and several basis.
• While all partners may have a say in the
running of the business, managerial problems
may arise.
• Unless otherwise agreed, the consent of all
partners is needed before a new partner can be
introduced.
Comhlacht Teoranta
• A private company limited by shares:
The members' liability, if the
company is wound up, is limited to
the amount, if any, unpaid on the
shares they hold. The maximum
number of members is 50.
Comhlacht Teoranta
• A company limited by guarantee not having a
share capital: As this is a public company, there
must be a minimum of seven members. The
members' liability is limited to the amount
they have undertaken to contribute to the
assets of the company, in the event it is wound
up, not exceeding the amount specified in the
memorandum. Many charitable and
professional bodies find this form of company
to be a suitable vehicle as they wish to secure
the benefits of separate legal personality and
of limited liability but do not require to raise
funds from the members.
Comhlacht Teoranta
Buntaistí
Limited liability - shareholders are only liable
to lose the share capital they subscribe.
• Greater company pension scheme can be
secured.
• Greater ability to raise finance by the issue
of shares and also under the Business
Expansion Scheme.
• Ownership of the enterprise is spread over a
greater number of people.
• Personal tax advantages can accrue.
Comhlacht Teoranta
Mí-bhuntaistí
• Limited liability may be negated in practice by
lenders seeking personal guarantees.
• Adhering to legislation contained in the
Companies Act can be costly and time
consuming.
• The need to prepare and file audited accounts.
• The payment of additional taxation when
accumulated profits are withdrawn from the
company.
Ráitis Airgeadais
• The two key financial statements
are
• Income Statement
• Balance Sheet.
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Income Statement
• Aka Profit & Loss Account / Income &
Expenditure Statement / Operating
Statement
• How much profit was earned last
year?
• Discusses the flow of income &
expenditure in a specific period of
time (normally 1 year)
• The Income Statement
Revenue – Expense = Income (Profit)
Leagan Amach P & L
• Sales / Turnover
• Cost of Sales (ie cost of Materials
or stock being sold)
• Gross Profit
• Expenses & Overheads
• Net Profit
Clár Comhardaithe / Balance Sheet
• How much is the business worth - a
picture of the business’ financial
position at a point in time.
Leagan amach ar an Chlár Comhardaithe
Sócmhainní Dochta
/ Fixed Assets
Sócmhainní Reatha /
Current Assets
Total Assets
xxxx
Dliteanais Reatha /
Current Liabilities
xxxx
xxxx
Dliteanais Fadtéarmacha /
Long Term Liabilities
xxxx
Cúlchiste / Shareholder
Funds
xxxx
Liab + Owner's Equity
xxxxx
xxxxx
Clár Comhardaithe / Bal Sheet
€
Sócmhainní Dochta / Fixed
Assets
Sócmhainní Reatha /
Current Assets
xxxx
xxxx
Dliteanais Reatha / Current
Minus Liabilities
xxxx
Dliteanais Fadtéarmacha /
Minus Long Term Liabilities
xxxx
Net Assets
Cúlchiste / Shareholder
Funds
Shareholders Funds
xxxxxxx
xxxx
xxxxxxx
Suímh Idirlín úsáideacha
• www.companieshouse.gov.uk
• www.cro.ie
• www.odce.ie
Téarmaí Cuntasaíochta
• Fiachnóirí (Debtors) – People who
owe you money
(DOUM)
• Creidneoirí (Creditors) – People to
whom you owe money
• Fabhraithe (Accruals) = estimated
expenses at end of year for which
you haven’t yet received an invoice
• Réamhíocaíochtaí (Prepayments) =
Services paid for but not consumed
at year end
Dímheas / Depreciation
• The decrease in the value of any
type of tangible property over a
period of time resulting from use,
wear and tear, or obsolescence