Green Chemistry as a Recent Trend in
Pharmacy Education to Afford
Pharmaceutical Products
Presented By
Prof. Dr. Salwa Elmeligie
Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University
Egypt
I am
1. Professor & Head of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University.
2. Member of technical office at National Authority of Quality
Assurance and Accreditation of Education (NAQAAE), Egypt.
3. Trainer in Faculty and Leadership Development Center, Cairo
University.
4. Evaluator at Project administration, Ministry of Higher
Education.
5. Consultant at missions and Cultural Affairs at the Ministry of
Higher Education.
6- Member of strategic plan committee, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Cairo University.
Other Posts:
1. Reviewer for Higher Education Institutions, conducted by
NAQAAE.
2. Member of Council of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University.
Prof. Salwa Elmeligie
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Performance objectives
To highlight
The role of organic chemistry in pharmacy.
Emergence of green chemistry.
Green chemistry education.
Applications in pharmacy.
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The role of organic chemistry
in pharmacy
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Organic chemistry is the base of pharmacy, without chemistry
a pharmacist can not understand the chemical formulae of the
drugs and the design of new drugs. In this way a pharmacist can
not practice the field of pharmacy without a plentiful knowledge
about chemistry.
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Dr Narendra Babu, doctorjob.com.my
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Additionally, organic chemistry deals with life and life
processes, being associated with nearly every aspect of our
existence. All the key molecules of life, such as DNA,
proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, are organic compounds,
furnishing the energy that sustains life.
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https://www.ntnu.edu/studies/mschem/organic-chemistry
The citric acid cycle also known as the tricarboxylic
acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle is a series of chemical
reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy
through
the
oxidation
of
acetate
derived
from
carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and
chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Anthraquinone glycosides possess anthracene or their
derivatives as aglycone.
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 The foundation of the pharmaceutical industry includes of a group
of highly skilled chemists. The manufacturing of bulk drugs or
commercial drugs involves the direct supervision of chemists, who
are involved in the R&D process of pharmaceuticals where new
drugs are designed and synthesized. The manufacturing of dosage
forms like tablets, capsules and injections has to be done under the
strict supervision of qualified pharmacists.
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Dr Narendra Babu, doctorjob.com.my
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The Emergence of green chemistry
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 Green Chemistry has evolved
in 1991 from its roots in
academic research to become a mainstream practice supported
by academia, industry and government.
 Green chemistry, is also called benign chemistry or clean
chemistry for sustainability.
 The success of green chemistry depends on the training and
education of a new generation of chemists.
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Dennis L.Hjeresen, David L.Schutt and Janet M.Boese,
JChemEdmchem.wisc.edu., 77, 2000, 1543-1547
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“ Chemistry has an important role to
play in achieving a sustainable
civilization on earth.”
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Dr. Terry Collins
Generally, as human beings are part of the environment, the way
in which we interact with our environment influences the quality
of our lives.
Sustainable
development
(the goal)
Industrial
ecology
Green
Chemistry
a tool
Green
chemistry
education
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Green chemistry, lies at the heart of the industrial ecology
UNESCO conference on ESD , Bonn, Germany, 2009
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Green chemistry education
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 Working in the pharmaceutical industry is challenging. The
graduate needs to have both interpersonal and intrapersonal skills
to work with other colleagues. In addition to a bachelor's degree,
graduates have to be trained in Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).
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Dr Narendra Babu, doctorjob.com.my
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Green chemistry:
challenges and prospectives
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Learning objectives
 To conceptualize the sustainability for green chemistry and
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)* which allows
every graduate to acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes and
values necessary to shape a sustainable career future.
* UNESCO is the lead agency for the UN Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development (2005-2014).
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http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/educationfor-sustainable-development/
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 To understand how to apply this concept in our research
fields of interest aiming to safe our enviroment.
 To think prospectively about how to change our education
subjects to be sustainable learning tools by investigating
examples of green chemistry applications relevant to
students .
 To understand the important role of the green chemistry
and how to deal with it in our practical life.
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UNESCO conference on ESD , Bonn, Germany, 2009
Strategies to integrate green
chemistry into an already crowded
brown chemistry curriculum
 Changing our mind set and applying the green concept in
classroom, laboratory, manufacture and the surrounding
environment.
 Involving students in the process of greening the curriculum.
 Modernizing the curriculum using the latest green chemistry
developments.
Replacing rather than adding course materials.
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http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/educat.html/
Finding experiments that illustrate green chemistry concepts
and are effective in the teaching labs.
Developing interactive Teaching Units (ITU) which have been
developed specifically to introduce undergraduate students to
green chemistry.
Encouraging chemistry students to consider the principles of
green chemistry when designing processes and choosing reagents.
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Twelve principles of green chemistry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Prevention.
Atom Economy.
Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis.
Designing Safer Chemical.
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries.
Design for Energy Efficiency.
Use of Renewable Feedstock.
Reduce derivatives.
Catalysis.
Design for degradation.
Real-time analysis for pollution prevention.
Inherently safer chemistry for Accident Prevention.
Matthew A. Albrecht, Cameron W. Evans and Colin L. Raston, (2006), The Royal Society of Chemistry , 8, 417–432.
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Emitting legislation in favour of green chemistry.
 Giving award to green chemistry users.
Giving grants to green chemistry research/development.
Developing educational activities in green chemistry.
 Organizing conferences seminars and works for green
chemistry.
 Establishing good relationship with the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).
Helping others learn from our experience.
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Green chemistry education: A strategy for environmental control and sustainability,
Omiko Akani (Ph.D)
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The green chemistry institute
A major force in taking the concept and the practice of green
chemistry around the world has been the Green Chemistry
Institute (GCI). Created in 1997, the Institute flourished by
promoting and fostering the furtherance of Green Chemistry
through
research,
education
conferences/deliberative
symposia/meetings and information dissemination including
public awareness.
In 2001, the Green Chemistry Institute became part of the
American Chemical Society. The two organizations joined to
pursue their joint interests in the discovery and design of
chemical products and processes that eliminate generation and
use of hazardous substances.
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Dennis L.Hjeresen, David L.Schutt and Janet M.Boese,
JChemEdmchem.wisc.edu., 77, 2000, 1543-1547
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American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute
ACS Green Chemistry Institute®
Its mission is to catalyze and enable the implementation of green
chemistry and engineering throughout the global chemical
enterprise through:
 Performing assignments and group presentations.
 Using standards guidelines and ACS approval program.
Using safety ACS guidelines to incorporate safe practices into
your teaching curriculum.
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http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry.html
Green chemistry techniques
For example
 Reactions in alternative solvents.




Atom economic multi-component reactions.
Microwave.
Ultrasonic reactions.
Flow reactions.
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Specifically
designed
andwith
equipped
to
streamline
The
new
lab
is
equipped
modern
chemistry
 Designed discussion space within the lab to facilitate
workflow, allowing students to spend their time in lab
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instruments.
more
productively.
collaborative,
students
discussions.
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 In addition to creating a safer work environment, the green
 Additional
The lab
green
features
features
include an
"green"
vacuum
fume
Which
willalso
save
tens
of state-of-the-art
thousands
of in-house
gallons
of
waterhoods
each
hoods use high-tech filters to clean and recirculate the lab
for students to work in.
system.
year that would otherwise be used to operate water aspirators.
air.
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Applications in pharmacy
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Nanomaterials used as nanomedicines
with green synthesis
Nanomaterial
Clinical use
Green synthesis
Gold
Cancer therapy,
diagnosis
From plant extracts,
From Bacteria
Silver
Anti-microbial activity
Almond leaves,
Tannic acid
Iron oxide
MRI contrast,
diagnostic
From tea leaf extract, Bacteria
Zinc oxide
Anti -bacterial activity
From plant extracts
Carbon Nanotubes
Toxicology studies,
cancer
Using Camphor,
Biodiesel (plant)
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Betty Y.S. Kim, James T. Rutka and Warren C.W. Chan, (2010), Journal of medicine, 363, 2434-2443.
Green synthesis of some nanomedicines
Gold nanoparticles
TEA LEAF
EMBLICA OFFICINALE
From plant
extract
EDIBLE MUSHROOM
TAMARINDUS INDICA
Silver nanoparticles
ALMOND LEAVES
HONEY
ALOE VERA
TANNIC ACID
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Betty Y.S. Kim, James T. Rutka and Warren C.W. Chan, (2010), Journal of medicine, 363, 2434-2443.
TAML® Catalyst Features
Formed from biochemically common elements.
– prototype exhibits v. low toxicity.
Beginning of “dial-a-lifetime” catalysis.
Economical to synthesize.
Water-soluble.
Usable from pH 1 to 13.
Efficient users of peroxide.
—fast peroxidase/slow catalase
10 US patents, >70 counting foreign nationalizations .
Effective at 0.1 to 4 ppm = nM to low mM.
Amenable to modifications for capturing novel selectivity.
Currently being produced for small scale commercial uses.
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Indeed, the most simple and direct way to apply green
chemistry in pharmaceutical products is to utilize eco-friendly,
non-hazardous, reproducible and efficient solvents and catalysts
in synthesis of drug molecules, drug intermediates and in
researches involving synthetic chemistry.
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Currently, our interest in Cairo University is focused in adopting
and applying green chemistry principles as a recent trend in
pharmaceutical teaching and learning methods for graduate
students in pharmaceutical organic chemistry courses.
 Also, green chemistry is applied in our Faculty research plan
(2012-2017) for postgraduate students to afford pharmaceutical
products.
The first trial was in 2007, since we designed and synthesized
anticancer compounds structurally related to combretastatin that
bind to tubulin at colchicine binding site through applying green
chemistry.
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Combretastatin A4 Phosphate (CA4P)
Combretastatins (CA1-4), as natural antimitotic agents, were
isolated from the bark of the South African tree Combretum
caffrum.
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Pettit, G.; Singh, S.; Boyd, M.; Hamel, E.; Pettit, R.; Schmidt, J. and
Hogan, F.; J. Med. Chem., 38, 1666 (1995).
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 So, one of our compounds is the diaryl cyclohexene
dreivative (3) which was synthesized with green solvents,
reagents and consuming less time to exhibit its potent in- vitro
cytotoxicity .
 Currently, CA4P as an anticancer drug is
in Phase III to evaluate the safety and
efficacy standards.
CA4P
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Conclusion
 Applying the concept of green chemistry in education is built
on understanding the needs of pharmaceutical industries and
laboratories that have an important role in pharmacy to achieve
good manufacture products with the following advantages :
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 Preventing pollution before it happens rather than cleaning up
the mess later.
 Saving pharmaceutical companies money by using less energy
and fewer/safer chemicals, thus reducing costs & impacts of
pollution.
 Mitigating climate change, water & resource depletion, &
growing demands for safer products and cleaner energy.
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http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=education\
greenchem\cases.html
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Recommendations
Our goal is a graduate capable of competing in the labor
market and providing pharmaceutical services in all aspects,
thereby enhancing the quality use of medicine. So, our
vision is that the philosophy and practice of green chemistry
education to be spread as a part of pharmacy ethics to
balance eco-development profitable for society and a
healthy environment .
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