SOL REVIEW—1ST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY—Political Parties, Wars, Expansion
Rise of Political Parties
Different views on economic and foreign policy
issues led to the development of the first
American political parties in the1790s.
Tariffs, trade, the Jay Treaty with
England, the undeclared war with
France were key foreign policy
issues.
Federalists supported the Bank of the
United States, Jeffersonian
Democratic-Republicans opposed it.
This was a key domestic issue.
First Parties
DemocraticRepublicans, led by
Thomas Jefferson
believed in a weak
national government and
an agricultural economy.
Farmers, artisans and frontier
settlers
= DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS
Federalists, led by John
Adams and Alexander
Hamilton, believed in a
strong national government
and commercial economy.
Northeastern bankers and business
people = Federalists
1. What were the two main issues that
divided the early political parties?


2. The key foreign policy issues =
 _____________ and trade
 The Jay Treaty with __________
 Undeclared war with __________
3. The key domestic economic issue was
the ___________ of the _____________
 ____________________
supported it
 ____________________ opposed
it
4. Match the following description with
the correct party
A = Democratic Republicans
B = Federalists
____ John Adams, Alexander Hamilton
____ Farmers and artisans and frontier
settlers
____ Weak national government/strong
state government
____ Northeastern bankers and businessmen
____ Strong national government
____ Agricultural economy
____ Commercial economy
____ Thomas Jefferson
5. Who were the two candidates in 1800
and which party did each represent?


6. So when Jefferson won, it was a
transfer of power to the _______________
party and it was done ________________!
7. What territory did Jefferson add to
the US in 1803 and what effect did it
have on the size of the country?
8. What did Lewis and Clark do?
9. Who was Sacajawea?
10. Who did the US fight in the War
of 1812 and why?
War of 1812
British interference with
American shipping and western
expansion fueled the call for
President Madison to declare
war in 1812.
Federalists opposed the war, suggested constitutional
amendments, and talked of secession.
The American victory over the *
British in the War of 1812
gave a claim to the Oregon
Territory and increased
migration into Florida.
*
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Main points of the Monroe Doctrine:
--The American continents should not
be considered for future European
colonization
--Western hemisphere nations were
inherently different: = republics ≠
monarchies like Europe
--US would consider any attempt of
Europe to impose their system as a
threat to its peace and security
--The US would not interfere in
European affairs
11. Why is this sometimes called the
Second American Revolution?
12. The Federalists were in favor
OR opposed to the war? (Circle
one)
13. They were so opposed they
talked of _______________!
14. Who won? ______________________
15. What did the US gain from this war?
 Claims to ___________________
 Increased migration to ___________
16. What did the Monroe Doctrine say to
Europe?
17. How did it say the western
hemisphere and the European nations
were different?
18. How would we look at it if Europe
disregarded our statement?
Further Westward Expansion (1)
American hunger for land and
the idea of “Manifest Destiny”
gave political support to
moving West to new frontiers.
People moved from the
coastal states into the
Midwest, Southwest,
and Texas seeking
economic opportunity
and farmland.
Further Westward Expansion (2)
The growth of roads, canals, and railroads in the
1830s onward, helped the growth of an industrial
economy and supported the westward
movement of settlers. A national economy and
sectional specialization developed.
19. What does the term “Manifest Destiny”
mean?
20. What were the reasons so many people
wanted to move West?


21. What were 3 transportation
developments of the time period?



22. What were 2 impacts of these
transportation improvements?


“Cotton Kingdom”
Eli Whitney’s invention of the
cotton gin led to the slaverybased “Cotton Kingdom” of the
Deep South.
23. Who invented the cotton gin?
24. How did that impact the
economy of the South?
Texas and War with Mexico
Americans moving into
Texas led to an armed revolt
against Mexican rule. In a
famous battle at the Alamo,
The Alamo
Americans
fought to the last man
against a huge Mexican
force.
The Texans won in the end
and Texas eventually joined
the Union as a slave state.
Mexican War
Under President Polk, the American victory in
the Mexican War (1846-1848) led to acquisition
of an enormous territory that included the
present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah,
Arizona and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.
Impact on American Indians
During westward
expansion, Indians were
repeatedly defeated in
violent conflicts with
settlers and soldiers and
forcibly moved from their
homelands. In the “Trail of
Tears,” several tribes were
moved from the east coast
states to Oklahoma. Others
later were confined to
reservations.
The Americans expanding into the
Texas territory soon outnumbered
the Mexicans there.
25. What did this cause the
Americans to do?
26. The crushing defeat of the
Americans occurred at what
place?
27. Texas eventually became a
____________ state.
28. What was the major gain won in
President Polk’s war with
Mexico? (Include the name of the
territory.)
29. Once again, all of the westward
movement of white settlers
caused what with the Indians?
 Violent ________________
where the Indians were
_____________ __________
30. One of the worst episodes of
forced Indian movement was
known as the
“______________________.”
Later Indians were confined to
____________________.
Changing Character of Politics
(1)
Political democracy changed in the years
following the War of 1812.
--Extension of the franchise
(right to vote)
--Western expansion
--Rise of sectional interests
Changing Character of Politics
(2)
The “Age of the Common Man” =
--Increased emphasis on equality in
politics for adult white males
=
--Rise of interest group politics and sectional
issues
Manufacturing,
Finance
Farm, Frontier
Plantation
agriculture
--Changing style of campaigning
Led to increased participation in state
and national politics.
--Increased voter participation
Changing Character of Politics
(2)
Andrew Jackson personified the
“democratic spirit” in the “age of the
common man.”
He challenged the economic elite
31. What does the word “franchise” mean?
32. How did it change in the 1st half of the 19th
century and what did that mean for the
numbers of people voting?
and
Rewarded campaign supporters with public
office (Spoils System.)
33. The time of extra emphasis on equality in
politics (for white males) was called the
“ _______________________”
34. It led to changes in ________________ as
well as voter participation
Changing Character of Politics (3)
35. What president is remembered with this new
democratic spirit? _____________________
36. He ________________ the elite (wealthy)
and gave jobs to his supporters = the
___________ ___________
Whigs
Federalists
Know-Nothings
The Federalist Party disappeared and the
Whigs and Know-Nothings were organized in
opposition to the Democratic
Party
Democrats
37. Also, during this time, one political party
disappeared, the _________________, and
was replaced by the ______________. The
_____________________ Party also was
started.
38. Which political party remained through the
changes to be challenged by the new
parties?
Demand for Women’s Rights
Along with the abolition movement, came a
reform movement to give equal rights to women.
The Seneca Falls Declaration was a major first
step. The Movement began before the Civil War
and continued after it.
39. At this point in the first half of
the 19th century, who was
allowed to vote?
40. Where did the women meet to
discuss equal rights?
41. Were they successful yet?
Susan B. Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD—first half of 19th century
Cause and Effect
Economic, regional, social, religious, and political tensionscontinuing debate on governmental power
Hunger for land and ideology of “Manifest Destiny”opening of new frontiers
Belief in Manifest Destinypolitical support for expansion
Conflicts between settlers and Indian nations in SE and old NWrelocation of many Indian to reservations
Key Supreme Court decisions under John Marshall of VAestablishing the judicial branch and federal courts;
strengthened national government
Differing viewpoints of Hamilton (strong national gov’t, industrial economy) and Jefferson (agricultural
economy, stronger state governments) in Washington’s first Cabinetdevelopment of political parties
Growth of RR and canalsgrowth of industrial economy and supported westward movement
growth of national economy and sectional specialization
Migration into Texasarmed revolt against Mexican rule, famous battle and American defeat at the Alamo
Victory in Mexican Warenormous acquisition of land (CA, Nevada, UT, AZ, NM and part of CO
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin  spread of slavery-based “King Cotton” in Deep South
Western expansionforced relocation of Indians, Trail of Tears to OK which continued throughout 19th
century
Removal of property requirements for votingexpansion of democracy as number of eligible voter increased
Jackson’s removal of federal funds from Bank of U.S. and reckless speculationPanic of 1937
Terms
Federalists, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton—political ancestor of Republican Party; belief in strong
national government, industrial economy, support from bankers, business and the Northeast
Democratic Republicans, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison—political ancestor of Democratic Party; belief in
strong state governments, agricultural economy, support from farmers, artisans and frontier settlers in
the South
Election of 1800—first peaceful transfer of power to different political party; decided in House of
Representatives
Marbury v. Madison—Supreme Court ruling that initiated “judicial review”
McCulloch v. Maryland—SC ruling that “power to tax = power to destroy,” cannot tax federal gov’t
Gibbons v. Ogden—nat’l view of economic affairs; gov’t regulate competing business interests
John Marshall—Chief Justice of Supreme Court whose decisions made judicial branch a “co-equal” part of
gov’t
Louisiana Purchase 1803—from Napoleon; doubled size of U.S.
Lewis and Clark—commissioned by Jefferson to explore Louisiana Purchase territory
War of 1812—between England and U.S.; “second war of independence,” no territorial gains or losses
Monroe Doctrine 1823—primarily to keep Europeans out of the western hemisphere
Manifest Destiny—belief that it’s America’s duty to overspread the continent; created political support for
expansion
Eli Whitney, “King Cotton”—invented cotton gin for faster cleaning of cotton; cotton now primary cash crop
of South
Trail of Tears—forced removal of Indians (Cherokee) from SE to OK territory; continued throughout 19th
century
Age of Jackson/Age of the Common Man/”people’s President”—new democratic spirit; no longer rule by
“aristocracy,” removal of property requirements for citizenship instrumental in change
Spoils system—victorious candidates appointing supporters to government jobs
Veto—Presidential power to stop passage of Congressional legislation
Bank of United States—national bank funded by federal gov’t and private investors; 1791 and again 1821;
vetoed by Jackson
Frontier—line between civilized and uncivilized territory; “closed” 1890
Matching
1. __”Revolution of 1800”
2. __Loose/strict construction
3. __John Marshall
4. __Marbury v. Madison
5. __Louisiana Purchase
6. __Lewis and Clark
7. __War of 1812
8. __the factory system
9. __Erie Canal
10. __Monroe Doctrine
11. __King Cotton
12. __states’ rights
13. __Andrew Jackson
14. __Trail of Tears
15. __The Bank War
A. 1823, warned against European colonization in the Americas
B. 1803, $15 million, doubled size of U.S., Jefferson, not in Constitution
C. 1825, connected Hudson River to the West
D. Views of Constitution, interpreted/flexible or exactly as written
E. Chief Justice of Supreme Court, increased power of national gov’t
F. Transition in gov’t to Jefferson, Dem-Rep from Adams, Federalist
G. Goods in central locations, machinery and workers housed together,
not in homes
H. 1803, Supreme Court ruling creating “judicial review” (declaring laws
unconstit.)
I. Set out on 2-year adventure to explore Louisiana Territory
J. Conflict with Britain over impressment of U.S. sailors etc.
K. 1838-1839 harsh journey for Cherokees
L. “Ruler” of LA, AL, Miss.; region with a one-crop economy
M. Conflict between state and national financial institutions
N. Power of the states against those of the national government
O. Democrat, created spoils system, president of common man
SOL REVIEW—1ST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY—Pre-Civil War Crisis Brewing
Crisis Brewing
Sectional Tension
COMPETING ECONOMIC
INTERESTS created sectional
tensions.
The industrial North favored high
protective tariffs to protect their
manufactured goods from
competition.
V.
The agricultural South opposed
the high tariffs that made the
price of imports more expensive.
Crisis Brewing
Slave
States
Sectional Tension
The nation struggled to resolve
sectional issues  series of
crises and compromises.
Free
States
These took place over ADMISSION OF NEW
STATES to the Union during the decades before the
Civil War. The issue was whether the number of
“free states” and “slave states” would remain
balanced because the would affect the distribution
of power in the Congress.
Crisis Brewing
2. Why was the admission of states to
the Union a MAJOR issue before the
Civil War?
 It was about the ___________ of
power in the _____________
 The # of free states needed to
_____________ the # of slave
states
Sectional Tension
As new states entered, compromises were
reached to maintain the balance of power
in Congress.
1820 Missouri Compromise
1850 Compromise of 1850
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
Free
States
1. Match the section with its economic
interests by putting “N” for North and “S”
for South.
____ Against tariffs (tax on imports)
because it made goods they
bought too expensive
____ Favored tariffs because they
helped to “protect” their
manufacturing industry (“buy
American’)
____ Manufacturing economy; free
labor/ no slaves
____Agricultural economy; slave-based
labor
Slave
States
3. What was necessary to keep this
balance of power as new states
joined the Union?
On the next page are the details of
the 3 main compromises/acts that
attempted to keep the Union from
breaking apart over the admission of
new states.
Crisis Brewing—Missouri
Compromise
1820
1820 The Missouri
Compromise drew an eastwest line through the
Louisiana Purchase. Slavery
was prohibited above the line
and allowed below. The
exception was Missouri, above the line, which
allowed slavery. Missouri was admitted as a slave
state and Maine was admitted as a free state 
balance maintained!
Crisis Brewing—Compromise of
1850
1850 In this compromise,
California entered as a
free state, while the new
territories acquired from
the Mexican War (shown
in purple) would decide
on their own.
4. The Missouri Compromise

Drew a _________ where slavery
was ok __________ of the line
and prohibited ________ of the
line
Involved the ______________
Territory
Admitted _________________ as
a SLAVE state (even though it
was north of the line)
Admitted ___________ as a
FREE state
Did this keep the balance in the
Senate? Yes or No




5. The Compromise of 1850



Admitted _________________ as
a free state
Involved the new territories from
the ______________ War
Used the idea of ____________
_____________ where the
people of the territory will choose
by vote whether to be a slave or
free state
This was based on the idea of “popular sovereignty”
or that the vote of the people will make the choice.
Crisis Brewing—KansasNebraska Act
1854 The Kansas-Nebraska
Act repealed the Missouri
Compromise line by giving
people in Kansas and
Nebraska the choice to allow
slavery or not—popular sovereignty.
This produced
and the birth of the
bloody fighting in
Republican Party
Kansas b/w pro
that opposed the
and anti slavery
spread of slavery.
groups.
6. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
 Repealed the _____________
Compromise b/c it involved new
rules for the Louisiana Territory
 Instead of deciding based on the
east-west line, the people would
choose by _____________
____________
 This resulted in bloody fighting in
____________ between pro___________ and anti____________ groups
 It also led to the creation of the
________________ Party which
was against the __________ of
slavery
Crisis Brewing
Sectional Tension
Slave revolts in Virginia led by Gabriel
Prosser and Nat Turner fed white
Southerners’ fears about slave rebellions
and led to harsh laws in the South against
fugitive slaves. Southerners who favored
abolition were intimidated into silence.
7. What two Virginia slaves led revolts in
the early 1800s?


8. As a result of the slave revolts, what
did slave owners do?
 Made ____________ fugitive
slave laws
9. Did southerners feel free to speak out
against slavery?
Crisis Brewing
Sectional Tension
Northerners led by William Lloyd
Garrison, publisher of The Liberator,
increasingly saw slavery as a violation
of Christian principles and argued for
abolition.
Southerners grew alarmed at the growing force of
Northern response.
Fugitive save acts pitted southern
slave owners against outraged
northerners who opposed returning
escaped slaves to bondage.
Crisis Brewing
Tariff of 1832
Sectional Tension
South Carolinians argued that
sovereign states could nullify acts of
the US Congress like the Tariff of
1832. They believed a Union that
allowed state governments to
invalidate acts of the national
legislature could be dissolved by
states seceding from the Union in
defense of slavery.
President Jackson threatened to
send federal troops to collect the
tariffs. The Union prevailed!
10. Abolitionists are people against
slavery—they want to abolish it.
Who was a famous northern
abolitionist?
 Name =
 Newspaper he wrote =
 Believed slavery was against
_____________ ____________
11. Now there were two angry
groups dividing the country:
__________ owners in the South
against ___________ northerners
To nullify a law is to refuse to
enforce it in a state.
12. Which part of the country
wanted to nullify tariff laws?
13. What did they threaten to do
regarding the Union?
14. What did President Jackson do to
let South Carolinians know he
felt the Union must be
preserved?
SECTIONAL ISSUES/CRISIS
Cause and Effect
Sectional issuescrises and compromises over admission of new states as free or slave
Admission of new statesnumerous compromises to maintain balance of power in Congress
Economic division of North industrial economy, pro high tariff, power to nat’l gov’t and South agricultural
slave-based , anti-high tariff economy, pro states’ rightssectional divisions
Western expansionsectional conflict became more bitter
Slave revolts like Nat Turner in VA and Gabriel Prosserincreased white fears and harsher fugitive slave
laws
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854repeal of Missouri Compromise and battle over popular sovereignty known as
“bleeding Kansas” and birth of Republican party
Christian beliefsmany northerners to become abolitionists; example = William Lloyd Garrison
Fight for voting rightswomen’s suffrage movement to grow during same time and continue after Civil War
Terms
Abolitionists—favored ending slavery
William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, antislavery newspaper, immediate abolition
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, novel that inflamed northern sentiments against slavery
Frederick Douglass, former slave abolitionist, powerful orator, urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves
to fight for North
Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser—led slave rebellions causing fear in white slave holders
Missouri Compromise 1820--east/west line through LA Purchase, north to be free (except MO), south slave
holding
Compromise of 1850—after Mexican War, compromise with 5 parts, end slave trade in D.C., CA free state,
harsher fugitive slave law
Kansas-Nebraska Act—1854, repealed MO Compromise line, “popular sovereignty” to determine slave/free in
KS and NE
Lincoln-Douglas debates—for Senate race in IL 1858, Lincoln becomes known but loses race, Douglas popular
sovereignty
Nullification—right of states to “ignore” laws of the federal gov’t with which they disagree
Secession—idea of states’ righters that states “freely joined” the Union, and could thus “freely leave”
Sectionalism—greater loyalty to region than nation
Dred Scott decision—Supreme Court ruling by Roger Taney that slaves were like property, not citizens, could
not sue in court and Congress could not forbid slavery (since Constit. guarantees right to property)
“A house divided against itself cannot stand”—Lincoln speech foreshadowing Civil War
Seneca Falls Convention—resulted in Seneca Fall Declaration and movement for women’s suffrage
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony—two early leaders of women’s rights movement
Matching
1. __Nat Turner’s Rebellion
2. __abolitionism
3. __Frederick Douglass
4. __Seneca Falls convention
5. __Elizabeth Cady Stanton
6. __Underground Railroad
7. __Mexican War
8. __Compromise of 1850
9. __Kansas-Nebraska Act
10. __Dred Scott case
A. slave not a citizen; Congress can’t forbid slavery
B. literate slave, lost rebellion 1831 in VA
C. 1854 people in territory determine slave/free (popular sovereignty)
D. escaped from slavery, abolitionist, powerful orator
E. Anti-slavery movement, Garrison, Beecher Stowe etc.
F. 1846, won U.S. territory of NM and CA
G.1848, women’s rights movement began here, Declaration of Women’s
Rights
H. Abolitionist and suffragette
I. Network of guides and “safe houses” helped blacks to freedom
J. CA free state and stricter fugitive slave law