Warmup
 Did the Crusades increase
or decrease the power of
the Catholic church in
Europe by the end of the
Middle Ages?
* On the AP test, you may
see this period referred to as
the “Middle Ages”, or the
“Medieval period”.
THE TRANSFORMATION
OF THE WEST, 1450 - 1750
An Era of Revolutions
Due Friday
 411-416
 2 Pages of notes OR
 6 terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Great Western Schism
Hundred Years War
Joan of Arc
New firearms
Reconquest of Iberia
Ferdinand and Isabella
Remember:
1. What is it?
2. What is it similar to?
3. What caused it
or what did it cause?
TWO RENAISSANCES

Italian Renaissance



Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning,
1350-1600
Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy
patrons and vied to outdo one another
City-states sponsored innovations in art and
architecture
 Macaccio, Leonard) used linear perspective to show

depth
Sculptors (Donatello and Michelangelo) created natural
poses
Shakespeare and Humanism
 Wrote poetry and plays
 Art centered around
human qualities, less
about religion
 Macbeth: Ambition
 Hamlet: Existence
 Julius Caesar: Pursuit of
power
 Othello: Jealousy
TWO RENAISSANCES
 Renaissance architecture
 Simple, elegant style, inherited from
classical Greek and Roman
 Magnificent domed cathedrals
 Brunelleschi's cathedral of Florence
 St. Peter’s in Rome
Renaissance Art and Architecture
 Mannerism’s greatest
representative: El
Greco (1541-1614)
 Romanesque
architecture was
revived in
Renaissance building
projects
 Brunelleschi’s Church
of San Lorenzo
TWO RENAISSANCES

Humanists or Man is the Measure of All
Things




Drew inspiration from classical models
especially Greece, Rome
Leading scholars included Dante, Petrarch
Scholars interested in humane letters
 Literature, history, and moral philosophy
 Called humanists
 Recovered and translated many classical works
Attention to political and social issues and
graces, too
 Boccaccio’s Decameron
 Castiglione’s The Courtier
 Machiavelli’s The Prince
TWO RENAISSANCES
 Northern Renaissance




Especially strong in France, England,
Netherlands
Focus was more on science, math, and
Christianity (language favored was
Hebrew)
Strongly supported by the middle
classes and minor nobles
Leading figures include Shakespeare,
Durer, Erasmus, Protestant reformers
Warmup
 What was the Renaissance?
 Where did it start?
 How was it different from the Ming and
Qing dynasties in China?
 Take out your notes over
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Great Western Schism
Hundred Years War
Joan of Arc
New firearms
Reconquest of Iberia
Ferdinand and Isabella
QUIZ TODAY!
Quiz
 You will answer 11-19 on your scan-tron
 Don’t write on the quiz
 You have 15 minutes
Windmill c. 1150
Printing Press 1444
Clock
-Appeared in
Europe c. 1300
-Invented in Song
China
Prague astronomical clock, built in 1410
Florence and City-States
Florence and City-States
 City-states were financial centers
 Centers of banking
 Catholic church said Christians couldn’t charge
interest
 Jews became bankers
 Active in trade by Mediterranean Sea and
other trade routes
 Florence
 Run by powerful family: the Medicis
 Center of Renaissance art
The Protestant
Reformation
Who is this man?
Saint Peter’s Basilica
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
 Precursors to Reformation
 Great Western Schism
 2/3 popes at same time undermined authority
of the church
 Church councils rule/attempt to overrule
 Catholic practices
 Lavish lifestyle of church leaders
 Indulgences
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
 Martin Luther (1483-1546)




Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517
Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; called for reform
Argument reproduced with printing presses and widely read
Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, princes, many
cities
 By mid-16th century, half Germans adopted Lutheranism
 Reform spread outside Germany
 Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities, Netherlands
 Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church as
a rival
 English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for
divorce
 John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism
 Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the
1530s
 Calvinist missionaries were successful in France
NEW RELIGIOUS MAP
CATHOLIC REFORMATION
 Early Attempts to Reform
 Catholic cardinals, bishops call council in
early 15th century
 Council of Constance deposes rival popes
 Attempts to assert authority over pope, initial
reforms
 Catholic intellectuals attack Church
corruption
 Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform
church in Germany
Warmup
 What was the Protestant Reformation?
 What did Martin Luther do?
 What was the response of the Catholic
church?
Due Monday
(and SuperQuiz™)
 Pages 449-453
 2 Pages OR
 6 terms






Hapsburgs
Charles V
Henry VIII
Absolutism
Constitutionalism
Oliver Cromwell
Council of Trent
 1545
 Attempt by Catholic Church to respond to
the Protestant Reformation
 Outlawed sale of indulgences
 Rejected predestination
 Commissioned new art and architecture
 Reaffirmed role of Pope and saints in
Catholicism
CATHOLIC REFORMATION
 The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
 Founded 1540 by Ignatius Loyola
 High standards in education
 Combat Protestants with logic, faith, hard
work
 Saved S. Germany, E. Europe from
Protestants
 Became confessors, advisories to kings
 Worldwide missionaries
NEW RELIGIOUS MAP
RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
 Religious wars
 Between Protestants, Catholics during 16TH century
 Wars as much social, political as religious
 Neither side is innocent of conflict
 Civil war in France
 Between Huguenots (French Calvinists), Catholic League
 Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles
 Lasted thirty-six years (1562-1598)
 Ended with new dynasty
 Spanish Armada
 War between Catholic Spain, Protestant England, 1588
 Spill over from conflict in the Netherlands
 Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth
 Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against rule of Catholic Spain
 Originally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against Spain
 Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland)
 The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
 The most destructive European war up to WWI
 Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually involved most of Europe
 Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): lost one-third population
 Saw rise of Sweden as Great Power and eclipse of Spain, Hapsburgs as European
great power
 Saw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy Roman Empire
 Ended with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an Empire
 Scottish Presbyterians revolt
 Expel Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistance
 Raise her kidnapped son as Presbyterian
Make a Multi-Flow Map
Causes
Effects
Multi-Flow Map
Due Tomorrow
Causes
pages 446-449
Protestant
Reformation
Effects
NEW RELIGIOUS MAP
The DBQ and grouping
 DBQ = Document Based Question
 You will be given 7-10 documents
 Will usually be passages
 Can also be art, maps, or charts
 You must
 Analyze at least 2 for point of view
 “Person X believes Y because Z”
 Group them into two groups
 Do other things we will discuss next 6 weeks