Digital,
Hybrid &
Virtual
Libraries
Muhammad Ajmal Khan
Outline
1.
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What is Library
Definitions
History
Classification
Principles
Characteristics
Myths
Challenges
Conclusion
What is Library
Collection of books, documents, newspapers, audio visual
materials kept and organized for people to read or borrow.
Characteristics
1.Collection of data objects
2.Collection of Metadata Structures
3.Collection of Services
4.Domain Focus
5.Quality Control
6.Preservation
Definitions
Digital Library
Collection of electronic resources that provides direct/indirect access to
a systematically organized collection of digital objects.
Hybrid Library
Provides services in a mixed-mode, electronic and paper, environment,
particularly in a co-coordinated way. Derived from a strand of eLib
which explored the issues surrounding the retrieval and delivery of
information in these types of environment but also investigated the
integration of different electronic services so that single search approach
could be offered to the End user.
Virtual Library
Access to electronic information in a variety of remote locations
through a local online catalogue or other gateway, such as the internet
History
International Perspective
Vennever Bush’s Memx Machine, 1945
Invention of Internet 1983
World Wide Web by Tim Berners Lee, 1989
Digital Library Initiative I 1992-1998
Digital Library Initiative II ( 1999-2002)
History
Pakistani Perspective
 Karachi Institute of Information Technology
Digital Library, 2002
 United Nations Digital Library, 2003
 Iqbal Urdu Cyber Library, 2003
 Higher Education Commission Digital Library
 PakLAG Digital Library Model, 2005
Memex by Vennever Bush
United Nations Digital Library
Characteristics of Digital Library
1.
2.
Universal and unlimited access
Contents will be in digital format which can be
utilized only with the help of computer
3.
Contents in textual, image, sound and video form
4.
Collection to connection
Principles of Digital Library
Development
1. Expect Change
2. Know your contents
3. Involve the right people
4. Design usable systems
5. Ensure open access
6. Be(a)ware of data rights
7. Automate whenever possible
8. Adopt and adhere to standards
9. Ensure quality
10. Be concerned about persistence
Components of Digital Library
Types of Digital Libraries
1. Stand-alone Digital Library (SDL)
2. Federated Digital Library (FDL)
3. Harvested Digital Library (HDL)
Stand-alone Digital Library (SDL)
This is the regular classical library implemented in a fully
computerized fashion. SDL is simply a library in which the
holdings are digital (scanned or digitized). The SDL is selfcontained - the material is localized and centralized.
The ACM Digital Library
IEEE Computer Society DL
Federated Digital Library (FDL)
This is a federation of several
independent SDLs in the
network, organized around a
common theme, and coupled
together on the network. A
FDL composes several
autonomous SDLs that form a
networked library with a
transparent user interface. The
different SDLs are
heterogeneous and are
connected via communication
networks.
Networked Digital Library of Theses &
Dissertation
Bibliographic Navigation Tools for
Digital Libraries
SCOPUS
ELIN
Knowledge Cite Library
Database Advisor
OCLS’ FirstSearch
Harvested Digital Library (HDL)
This is a virtual library providing summarized access
to related material scattered over the network. .
Examples of HDLs are the Internet Public Library
(IPL)
1. A HDL holds only metadata with pointers to the
holdings that are "one click away" in Cyberspace.
2. Developed by Library Professionals, or Computer
Scientists
Four Corner Stones of
Digital Library
Community
Computer
Communication
technologies
Content
Community
1. Library Professionals
2. Library Users
3. IT Professionals
4. Vendors
Communication Technologies
Communication Networks
Web Servers, Bandwidth, Local Area Network,
Internet and software
Network standards
1. The Digital Object Identifier; http://www.doi.org/
2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP);
http://www.w3.org/Protocols/
3. Persistent URL Home Page; http://purl.oclc.org/
4. Z39.50; http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/
Contents
Images
.BMP .TIF .GIF .PNG .WMF .PICT .PCD .EPS
.EMF .CGM .TGA .JPG
Animation
.ANI .FLI .FLC
Video
.AVI .MOV .MPG .QT
Contents
Audio
.WAV .MID .SND .AUD .mp3
Web Page
.HTM .HTML .DHTML .HTMLS .XML
Text
.DOC .TXT .RTF .PDF
Programs
.COM .EXE
Contents
Markup standards
1. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML);
http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/
2. Extensible Markup Language (XML);
http://www.w3.org/XML/
3. Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML); http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/SGML/
Contents
Metadata standards
1.
Dublin Core;
http://dublincore.org/
2.
MARC 21;
http://Icweb.loc.gov/marc/
3.
Encoded Archival Description (EAD);
http://Icweb.loc.gov/ead/
Computer
Personal Computer
Server Machines
Digital
Library
Conceptual
Models
PakLAG Digital Library Model
Relational Database
(MySQL) Stores Metadata
Web Server (Tomcat)/
Digital Object Repository
Web Browser
(IE, Netscape etc.)
User
User
Myths
1. The internet is the digital library
2. Fully automated library is digital library
3. The myth of a single digital library or one-window
view of digital library collections
4. Digital libraries will provide more equitable
access, anywhere, any time
5. Digital libraries will be cheaper than print libraries
Challenges
1. Interoperability
Technical, process, language, ( Different platforms etc)
2. Building digital collections
2.a Digitization
2.b Acquisition of original digital works
2.c Access to external materials
3. Metadata
4.
Naming, identifiers, and persistence
4.a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
4.b Persistent Uniform Resource Locator (PURL)
4.c Uniform Resource Name (URN)
4.d Digital Object Identifier
Challenges
5. Copyright / rights management
5.a Usage tracking
5.b Identifying and authenticating users
5.c Providing the copyright status of each digital
object, and the restrictions on its use or the fees
associated with it
6. Preservation
6.a Preservation of the storage medium
6.b Preservation of access to content
Conclusion
The concepts of Digital and Virtual libraries are actually
services added to the traditional libraries wherein the
resources which can only be utilized with computers.
We hope digital libraries will coexist with traditional libraries
whether within them or as separate entities. However the role
of professionals will be drastically changed in digital
environment.
Digital libraries have customers instead of users and provide
pull and push information delivery methods.