Unit
2
Section 2.1: Organism and Their Environment
Week 10 Biomes / Ecology
Levels of Organization
1.
11.
2.
10.
3.
9.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
3
12)_______________ is the study of 13)_______________
between organisms and their environment.
The 14)_________ is the
portion of earth that
supports living things.
The biosphere extends
from the 15)________
of the oceans to the
upper 16)_________.
What Shapes an Ecosystem?

Biological and physical factors
 Living factors – 17) __________ factors
The Living Environment
18)_________- all the living organisms
that inhabit an environment.
19)____ organisms depend on others
directly or indirectly for food,
shelter, reproduction, or protection.
7
The Nonliving Environment
20)__________ the nonliving
parts of an organism’s
environment.
Examples include 20)______,
21)_________
22)_________,
23)____ , and 24)__.
 Abiotic factors affect an
organism’s life.
8
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
9
Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
10
Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
11
Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
12
Levels of
Organization
13
Biological Levels of
Organization







Atom: P, (N) Nitrogen,
(O) Oxygen
Molecule
Organelle
Cell: Life Begins.
__________ unit of any
living thing.
Tissue: group of cells
Organ: group of tissues
System: group of organs.
14
Levels of Organization
____________ have organized the
interactions an organism takes part
in into different levels according to
complexity.
15
Biological Levels of
Organization
___________:
An individual
living thing that is
made of cells,
uses energy,
reproduces,
responds, grows,
and develops
16
Biological Levels of
Organization
___________:
A group of
organisms, all
of the same
species, which
interbreed and
live in the same
place at the
same time.
17
Biological Levels of
Organization
 Biological
__________:

All the
populations of
different
species that live
in the same
place at the
same time.
18
Biological Levels of
Organization
___________:
Populations of plants
and animals that
interact with each
other in a given area
with the abiotic
components of that
area. (terrestrial
or aquatic)
19
Biological Levels of
Organization
_________:
The portion
of Earth
that
supports
life.
20
The Biosphere
(write in to notes)
 Life is found in air, on land,
and in fresh and salt water.
 The BIOSPHERE is the
portion of Earth that
supports living things.

21
What level of
organization?
Organism
22
1. A pod of bottlenose dolphins living in a specific region
can be identified as which level of organization?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Population
Community
2. Which level of organization in the biosphere is
BEST represented by the entire picture.
A. Organization
B. Ecosystem
C. Population
D. Community
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
23
3. A group of cells that work together for a
common function is MOST LIKELY described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
A tissue
An organ
An organelle
A community
4. Study the diagram below.
Which level of organization
that could be represented
by the X?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plant
Animal
Biosphere
Community
Ecosystem
X
Population
Organism
24
5. A scientist studied a coral reef in an
ocean. The scientist made a data table to
record what was observed. How many
populations are represented by the data?
Organism
Number Observed
Sea Turtle
6
Sea Star
9
Nurse Shark
3
Clown Fish
16
Parrot Fish
26
Sea Urchin
36
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
25
What level of
Organization?
Population
26
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Three Major Kinds of Ecosystem
Terrestrial
Located on land
Forest
Old farm field
Yard
Meadow
Garden plot
Empty lot
Compost heat
Rotting Log
Aquatic
Fresh & Salt
Pond
Lake
Stream
Ocean
Estuary
Aquarium
Other
Human body
Skin
Intestine
mouth
Building
Mold
bathroom
Food
Frig
Moldy food
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Organisms in Ecosystem
The place where an organism lives out its
life is called a _________.
The way in which a species uses its
environment to meet its specific needs
for food and shelter is called a
__________.
Chapter
2




Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Survival relationships
Some species develop special relationships
with other species to increase their survival.
Some interactions can be harmful to other
species, but some interactions are beneficial.
Relationship that are helpful to one but
harmful to another is a ________________
relationship
A __________ may be like polar bears, lions,
insect eating birds. The animals that
predators eat are called __________.
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Three Major Kinds of Ecosystem
• Some organisms have a permanent
relationship between organisms of different
species. This is called ______________.
Symbiosis means living together
Three types of Symbiosis
_____________; when both species benefit
_____________; when one species benefits and
the other is neither helped or hurt.
_____________; when one species benefits and
the other is harmed.
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
video
video
Three types of Symbiosis
Mutualism:
• Ants and acacia trees living in subtropical
regions; the ants protect the tree from attacking
animals who want to feed on the tree
Commensalism:
• Spanish moss in live oak trees; the Spanish
moss benefits but the relationship does not harm
or help the oak tree.
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Three types of Symbiosis
Parasitism:
• Ticks on a dog; The Tick causes harm to the
dog but doesn’t kill the dog. The Tick receives
the benefit for the relationship
Video
Video: Mammals of North America
Video: Fish Symbiosis
Video: Ant and Butterfly Symbiosis
Video: Snail Zombies
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Quiz Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
__________, which is the study of interactions that
take place between organisms and their environment.
The place where an organism lives out its life is
called a ____________.
The way in which a species uses its environment to
meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a
__________.(how )
The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment
are the ___________ factors.
All the living organisms within an environment are
the ____________ factors.
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Quiz Questions
The video with the great white shark and seal
demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which one is
which?
Some organisms have a permanent relationship between
organisms of different species. This is called
______________, means living together
A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called
_______.
A type of relationship in which one organism benefits and
the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called
commensalism. What is the example shown in class?
_____
What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish,
the grouper and cleaner gobies?
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Quiz Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
_Ecology_, which is the study of interactions that
take place between organisms and their environment.
The place where an organism lives out its life is
called a __habitat__.
The way in which a species uses its environment to
meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a
_niche__.(how )
The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment
are the __abiotic__ factors.
All the living organisms within an environment are
the __biotic___ factors.
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Quiz Questions
The video with the great white shark and seal
demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which one is
which? Predator= white shark Prey= seal
Some organisms have a permanent relationship between
organisms of different species. This is called
____symbiotic____, means living together
A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called
__mutualism__.
A type of relationship in which one organism benefits and
the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called
commensalism. What is the example shown in class?
__commensalism; oak tree and Spanish moss_
What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish,
the grouper and cleaner gobies? mutualism
Unit
2
Section 2.2: NUTRITION AND ENERGY FLOW
Ecology Unit 2
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
Review Quiz Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
__________, which is the study of interactions that
take place between organisms and their environment.
The place where an organism lives out its life is
called a ____________.
The way in which a species uses its environment to
meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a
__________.(how )
The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment
are the ___________ factors.
All the living organisms within an environment are
the ____________ factors.
Chapter
2
Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Quiz Questions
The video with the great white shark and seal
demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which on is
which?
Some organisms have a permanent relationship between
organisms of different species. This is called
______________, means living together
A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called
_______.
A type of relationship in which on organism benefits and
the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called
commensalism. What is the example shown in class?
_____
What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish,
the grouper and cleaner gobies?
Unit
2
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
You will:
•Compare how organisms
satisfy their nutritional needs
•Trace the path of energy
and matter in an ecosystem
•Analyze how matter is
cycled in the abiotic and
biotic parts of the biosphere.
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
The ultimate source of energy
is the _______.
The Sun
provides the
energy that
fuels life!
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
An organism that uses light energy or
energy stored in chemical
compounds to make food-rich
compounds is a producer or
_______________
Simply put ------ plants!
Plants use the sun in a process to
produce food called
________________
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
The consumer or _______________ feeds on
other organisms because they are unable to
make their own food.
Heterotrophs feed in a variety of feeding relationships
….feed only on plants called ________________
 grasshopper, rabbits, beavers, bees, elephants
….feed on other heterotrophs called ____________
 lions, hawks, hyena, cheetah and others
..feed on both plant and animal food called __________
examples: humans,
raccoons, opossums,
and bears
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Some heterotrophs, called ___________
feed on dead or decaying animals
 vultures, buzzards, and ants
• Cleaning up dead and decaying refuse is
a very important job in the ecosystem
Unit
2
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
• Some organisms like fungi and bacteria break down
and then release nutrients from dead organisms.
These organism are _______________, break down
the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants
and animals into molecules that can be absorbed.
Theses organism do not rely on sunlight directly as an
energy source.
What organisms rely onSunlight as an energy source,
directly and indirectly.
Chemolithotrophic
Bacteria (H2S)
animals
Unit
2
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Flow of Matter and Energy in the
Ecosystem p. 18
• When you eat an apple you are absorbing more
than an apple; What are you eating?
• You are eating carbon, nitrogen, and other
elements as well as energy from sunlight that is
trapped.
Unit
2
What are food chains? P. 18
Models that demonstrate pathways for matter and energy
• _____________ are a model that scientists use to
demonstrate matter and energy flow.
Autotrophs
Third-order
heterotrophs
First-order
heterotrophs
Second-order
heterotrophs
Second-order
heterotrophs
Unit
2
What are food chains?
FOOD CHAIN
grass  grasshopper  mouse  owl
• most food chains consist of two, three, or four
transfers
• energy is _________ through each transfer
• part of the energy is lost through ________
• a food chain represents only one possible rout
through an ecosystem
52
What is a food web? P. 19
A more realistic
interconnecting model
that shows all the
possible feeding
relationships is called a
_________________.
Food webs are made
up of trophic levels
and food chains!
A food
web
Unit
How does energy flow through an ecosystem? P. 19
Tropic levels represent links in the chain
• Each organism in a food chain represents a
feeding step called ________________.
• A species may feed at different feeding levels.
Carnivores
And
Omnivores
Herbivore
Producer
3rd order
heterotroph
2nd order
heterotroph
1st order heterotroph
autotroph
Ecological pyramid
2
5. Which series correctly models the flow of
energy in an aquatic food chain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plankton  sand eel  striped bass  cod
Sand eel  cod  plankton  striped bass
Striped bass  plankton  cod  sand eel
Cod  striped bass  sand eel  plankton
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
57
6. Which organism receives the smallest amount of
energy from the level directly before them in this
food chain?
Producers primary consumers  secondary consumers  tertiary
consumers decomposers
A.
B.
C.
D.
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Decomposers
Producers
Primary
consumers
Secondary
consumers
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Tertiary
consumers
Decomposers
58
Only a Fraction of the Energy Present in Organisms of One Trophic
Level is Captured by Organisms of the Next
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
60
Pyramid of Energy
• Another model used that demonstrates the
distribution of matter and energy is called an
__________________
• The ultimate energy source is the ______ and
the amount of available energy decrease as one
moves from one tropic level
Heat
to another.
Heat
Heat
Pyramid of Energy
With each step there
is a decrease to 10%
0.1% Consumers
1% Consumers
10% Consumers
Heat
100%
Producers
• In a pyramid of numbers, each level represents
the number of organisms consumed by the level
_________ it. (again 10% rule)
Pyramid of Numbers
Fox (1)
Birds (25)
Grasshoppers (250)
Grasses (2500)
Page 20
Pyramid of Biomass
• ___________is the
total weight of living
matter at each trophic
level. A pyramid of
biomass represents the
total weight of living
material available at
each trophic level.
1 kilogram of
human tissue
10 kilograms of
beef
100 kilograms
of grain
7. Producers have greater amounts of energy
available to them than primary consumers. Which
statement about producers is NOT correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
is
is
is
is
released by producers as heat
created by producers
used for metabolism
used for active transport
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
64
8. Study the food chain below. Which
statement correctly compares the available
energy between trophic levels in this food
chain?
A. Energy is highest in algae and lowest in
great black-backed gulls.
B. Energy is highest in great black-backed
gulls and lowest in algae.
C. Energy is highest in crustaceans and
puffins and lowest in algae and great
black-backed gulls.
D. Energy is highest in algae and great
black-backed gulls and lowest in
crustaceans and puffins.
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Food Chain
Great Blackbacked Gulls
Puffins
Crustaceans
Algae
65
9. Study the food chain below.
Which organism receives the MOST energy
from corn?
The LEAST energy from corn?
Owl
Fox
Snake
Mouse
chipmunk
Corn
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66
10.
can
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which statement BEST explains why the snowy owl and the arctic fox
occupy the same trophic level in a tundra food web?
They have light coloring
They hunt at the same time of year
They eat primary consumers at different trophic levels
They take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Owl
Fox
Snake
Mouse
chipmunk
Corn
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
67
Unit
2
Cycles in Nature page 20.
• All models discussed show energy moves in only ____
direction through the trophic levels
• Energy moves at each trophic level to the _________
• This energy moves into the environment as _______
• Energy is not _______but ____________
• __________ flows through each level of a trophic system
as well. Matter can NOT be replenished.
• The elements of _______, __________, and oxygen (O)
that make up the atoms of matter are the same atoms on
earth when life began.
• Matter is not regenerated, but, is
constantly _______________.
The Water Cycle page 20
2
CYCLES OF NATURE
• All life on earth depends on the sun and __________
The water cycle
• Water evaporates from lakes, oceans, rivers, etc.
• Water vapor condenses when _________conditions occur
• condensation on dust in the air causes drop to develop
that becomes rain, ice, or snow
• The water accumulates in________, __________ and rivers.
• The cycle of evaporation continues
• Water is pulled from ground through leaves by___________
• Animals breathe out water vapor in every breath __________
and water is returned to environment through ___________
Unit
Water Cycle
70
Which two areas represent the movement of water vapor?
71
Unit
2
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Water cycle video
The Water Cycle
11) Which process is MOST directly
dependent on temperature reduction,
small particles, and gravity to produce its
product?
A. Evaporation
B. Transpiration
C. Precipitation
D. Condensation
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
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12) When coal is burned, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas
combines with water vapor to produce acid rain.
Which model traces the path of the water vapor?
A. Water vapor  condensation  precipitation
B. Water vapor  precipitation  condensation
C. Water vapor  evaporation  precipitation
D. Water vapor  precipitation  evaporation
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75
54) Study the water cycle below. Which process
in the water cycle is represented by the X?
A. Infiltration B. Condensation C. freshwater
storage D. Groundwater discharge
X
evaporation
precipitation
ocean
Surface
runoff
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
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54) Study the water cycle below. Which process in the water cycle
is represented by the X?
A. Infiltration B. Condensation C. freshwater storage D.
Groundwater discharge
X
evaporation
precipitation
ocean
Surface
runoff
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
77
Unit
2
What is the Carbon Cycle? Page 20
CARBON CYCLE
• All life on earth is based on ___________ molecules
•Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, amino acids
• The carbon cycle starts with the ___________(plants)
• During photosynthesis the sun converts _________
into energy rich molecules of sugar used for growth
and energy
• Heterotrophs use the carbon molecules for growth &
energy.
• Once energy rich molecules are used _________is
released into the atmosphere
• Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the biotic
parts of the biosphere through _____________
Carbon cycle
The Carbon Cycle
Unit
2
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen, an important element is added in the process of
____________ our lawn.
• Our air is 78% nitrogen but plants can not use, in that form.
• Nitrogen must be converted to better used forms
• Certain _____________ convert the nitrogen in the air to
forms it can be used
• Plants use nitrogen to make important molecules like
_______.
• When herbivore eat plants their bodies convert nitrogen
containing plant proteins to nitrogen containing animal
proteins.
• Excess nitrogen is excreted as _________ When animals
die, nitrogen is returned to soil.
• Plants reuse this nitrogen in the soil.
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen in the atmosphere
Some excess nitrogen
evaporates from soil.
Assimilated
by plants
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in the
nodules on roots of
leguminous plants fix
atmospheric nitrogen.
Released to the
atmosphere
Nitrogen-fixing
soil bacteria
Nitrogen
compounds
released into
soils and acted
upon by soil
bacteria
Nitrogen cycle video
Urine
from
animals
Dead
plant
matter
Decomposing
organisms
Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break
down tissues and wastes and nitrogencontaining compounds are released.
Converted to other
nitrogen compounds
by soil bacteria
Unit
2
Other Material Cycles
• Other material cycle in the environment in
addition to water, carbon, and nitrogen.
• Sulfur, Calcium, and phosphorus
Cycle of Phosphorus
• All organisms require phosphorus for growth and
development
• Phosphorus is an essential element
• Plants obtain phosphorus from the soil and
animals from eating plants.
• The decomposition of plants and animals return to
the soil: WATER, CARBON, NITROGEN
• Phosphorus has a short term and long term cycle
Unit
2
Section 2.2: Nutrition and Energy Flow
• Short-term Phosphorus Cycle is the
decomposition of plants and animals, returning
phosphorus to the soil.
• When phosphates that are washed into the sea
are incorporated into rock as insoluble
compounds
• Millions of years later as the environment
changes the rock containing phosphorus is
exposed and made part of the local ecological
system.
13) Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle?
A. transpiration  evaporation condensation precipitation
B. Respiration photosynthesis organic decay  coal
formation
C. combustion evaporation  respiration  condensation
D. decomposition  infiltration  plant uptake  consumption
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
84
14) Study the carbon cycle diagram below. Which represents
the release of carbon dioxide through combustion?
Carbon
dioxide in
atmosphere
Car or Truck
Flower
Rabbit
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
85
15. Study the table below. Which
student correctly identifies processes in
the oxygen cycle?
Student
Uses
Atmospheric
Oxygen
Releases
Oxygen to the
Atmosphere
1
Burning fossil
fuels
Raccoons
breathing
2
Ozone forming
Forest fire
burning
3
Lighting matches
Wheat growing
4
Trees growing
fruit
Wolves howling
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
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16) Which statement describes the changes that
result from increased burning of fossil fuels?
A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon
stored in fossil fuels both increase
B. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases,
and carbon stored in fossil fuels both decrease
C. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases,
and carbon stored in fossil fuels increase.
D. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and
carbon stored in fossil fuels decreases.
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
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17) Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle?
A. transpiration  evaporation condensation precipitation
B. Respiration photosynthesis organic decay  coal
formation
C. combustion evaporation  respiration  condensation
D. decomposition  infiltration  plant uptake  consumption
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
88
18) Study the carbon cycle diagram below. Which represents
the release of carbon dioxide through combustion?
Carbon
dioxide in
atmosphere
Car or Truck
Flower
Rabbit
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
89
19. Study the table below. Which
student correctly identifies processes in
the oxygen cycle?
Student
Uses
Atmospheric
Oxygen
Releases
Oxygen to the
Atmosphere
1
Burning fossil
fuels
Raccoons
breathing
2
Ozone forming
Forest fire
burning
3
Lighting matches
Wheat growing
4
Trees growing
fruit
Wolves howling
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
90
20) Which statement describes the changes that
result from increased burning of fossil fuels?
A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon
stored in fossil fuels both increase
B. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases,
and carbon stored in fossil fuels both decrease
C. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases,
and carbon stored in fossil fuels increase.
D. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and
carbon stored in fossil fuels decreases.
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91
21) When green plants produce oxygen,
from which molecule does the oxygen
come?
A. ATP
B. Water
C. Glucose
D. Carbon dioxide
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92
22. Which nitrogen compound is
considered to be a pollutant released in
jet exhaust?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nitrogen gas (N2)
Nitrate (NO3)
Ammonia (NH4)
Nitrogen oxide (NO2)
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
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