The Skeletal
System
Support Systems
Unit 2
Medical Terminology
• Cost/o- rib
• Chondr/ocartiledge
• Crani/o – skull
• Thorac/o –
thorax
• Hemat/o- blood
• Cepahl/o- head
• Cervic/o – neck
• Osteo – bone
• Vertebravertebrae
• Sub- beneath or
under
• Inter- between
• -malacia –
softening
• - al /-ic pertaining to
• -genesis – origin
or production
• -poiesis production
Abbreviations
• CT –
computerized
tomography
• PT – patient
• FX - fracture
The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System
• Hematopoiesis – process of
producing blood cells in the red
bone marrow
• Structure / support– Provide rigid
framework that supports the soft
tissues of the body and maintain
the body shape.
Fuctions of the skeletal system
• Muscle Attachment and
Movement – bondes serve as
levers to convert muscular
contraction to movement.
• Mineral Storage – bones store
calcium in bone matrix
Axial vs. Appendicular
• The Axial Skeleton
– Contains the bones that are along
the long axis of the body, or the
bones of the head and trunk
• The Appendicular Skeleton
– Contains the bones of the
extremities (or appendages)
– Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic
girdles, and the bones of the arms
and legs
Bones of the Cranium
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Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Maxillae
Mandible
Frontal Bone
• Forms the forehead
• Forms the roof of the eye sockets
Parietal Bones
• Consists of two bones
• Forms the sides and roof of the
cranial cavity
Temporal Bones
• Consists of two bones
• Forms the lower sides of the
cranium and part of the cranial
floor
Occipital Bone
• The base of the cranial cavity
• Prominent posterior portion
Maxillae
• The upper jaw
Mandible
• Lower jaw bone
The Vertebral Column
• Composed of 33 bones
• Encloses and protects the spinal
cord
• Supports the head
Bones of the Vertebral Column
• Cervical Vertebrae—7 bones
located in the neck
• Thoracic Vertebrae—12 bones
connected to the ribs
• Lumbar Vertebrae—5 bones in
the lower back
• Sacral Vertebrae—5 pelvic bones
• Coccygeal Vertebrae—4 tailbones
Vertebral Column
Bones of the Thoracic Cavity
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Manubrium
Sternum
Xiphoid Process
Ribs
Manubrium
Bones of the Upper Extremities
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Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Bones of the Upper Extremities
Bones of the Pelvis
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Together these three bones are
fused and are called the os coxae
• The fused os coxae articulate with
the sacrum
Pelvic Girdle
illium
ishium
Bones of the Lower Extremities
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Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Bones of the Lower Extremeties
Joints
• Any location where two bones
articulate (meet)
• The points of contact between
bones
• Freely moving joints
– Hinge Joints
– Gliding Joints
– Ball and Socket Joints
Hinge Joints
• Allows for extension and flexion
Gliding Joints
• Bones slide past each other
Ball and Socket Joints
• Allows for rotational movement
in almost any direction
Joints
• Types cont.
– Some joints allow little to no
movement such as the sutures of
the skull
Ligaments
• Ligaments attach bone to bones
• They provide much of the support
for our freely movable joints
Disease and Disorders
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Fractures
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Osteoarthritis
Sprains
Fractures
• Types of fractures
– Closed or simple fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is
intact
– Open or compound fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is cut
by the bone
Scoliosis
• Abnormal lateral curvature of
the spine
Scoliosis
• Signs & Symptoms
– One hip or one shoulder higher than
the other
– Back pain
– Muscle spasms
• Cause
– An imbalance of muscles
– A leg length discrepancy
• Treatment
– Bracing, physical therapy, shoe
inserts, surgery
Kyphosis and Lordosis
• Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged
thoracic curve (humpback)
• Lordosis- abnormally enlarged
lumbar curve (swayback)
Osteoarthritis
• Arthritis that is caused by the
breakdown and loss of cartilage
in the joints
Osteoarthritis
• Cause: normal wear and tear on
the joints
– May be specifically causes by:
• Obesity
• Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly
• Signs & Symptoms
– Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling
– Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and
loss of motion
• Treatment includes:
– pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint
replacement
Sprain
• The stretching or tearing of a
ligament.
Sprain cont.
• 1st degree
– The stretching of a ligament causing
micro-tears in the tissue
• 2nd degree
– A partial tear
• 3rd degree
– A complete rupture
• Signs & Symptoms include pain,
swelling, joint laxity, instability
• Treat with RICE
rest, ice , compression, elevation
Three Degrees of Sprains
Careers
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Radiologist
Radiology Technician
Chiropractor
Physical Therapist
Physical Therapy Assistant
Physical Therapy Aide
Radiologist
• Medical doctors who have specialized in
radiology during their internship and
residency.
• College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4 years),
and then internship/residency (3 - 5 years). So
that's 10 to 13 years after high school
• Directs medical imaging technologist to
diagnose and treat diseases and disorders
• Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans
• Average : $300, 000
• Radiologist video
Radiology Technician
• Specialize in diagnostic imaging
– Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear
Medicine and Ultrasonography
• Associate degree for x-ray certification
• Bachelors degree for further
specialization
– MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and
Ultrasound
• Average salary: $30-35,000
• A Day in the Life - Radiological
Technician - YouTube
Chiropractor
• Diagnoses and treats mechanical
disorders of the spine and
musculoskeletal system
• Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical
treatments like adjustments and joint
alignments
• Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8
years
• Average Salary- $65,000-100,000
• youniversity chiropractor
Physical Therapist
• Help restore function, improve mobility,
relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent
physical disabilities of patients suffering from
injuries or diseases
• Doctorate degree (6years)
• Salary : $60- 85,000
• Physical Therapy (long but good)
Physical Therapy Assistant
• Works under direction and
supervision of a physical therapist
• Perform exercises, massages,
electric stimulation, hot and cold
packs, traction and ultrasound to
patients
• Complete Physical Therapy
Assistant Program= 2 yearsAssociates degree
• Salary- $35-55,000
Physical Therapy Aide
• Under close supervision of a
physical therapist or physical
therapy assistant
• Perform only delegated, selected,
or routine tasks in specific
situations. These duties include
preparing the patient and the
treatment area.
• On the job training
• Salary- $8-15 per hour
Vocabulary- Word Parts
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CostoChondroCranioThoracoHematoCephalCervico-
• Arthro• Osteo-
rib
cartilage
skull or cranium
chest or chest wall
blood
cranial or head
neck, neck of an
organ
joint
bone
• Vertebro-
vertebra
Vocabulary- word parts
• Inter-
between
– intercostal (between the ribs)
• Sub-
under, beneath, less than
– Sublingual (under the tongue)
• -poiesis
formation or production of
– Hematopoiesis (production of blood)
• -malacia
softening of tissue
– Osteomalacic (softening of bone)
• -al
relating to
– Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae)
Vocabulary- word parts
• -genesis
generation, reproduction
– Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells)
• -tomy
cutting into, incision
– Craniotomy (cutting into the skull)
• -ectomy
excision, removal of
– Appendectomy (removal of the appendix)
• -ic
characteristic of, relating to
– Thoracic (relating to the chest)
Vocabulary
• Thoracic
pertaining to the chest or
thorax
• Cranium
the portion of the skull
that encloses the brain
• Extremities
• X-ray
the arms and legs
type of diagnostic
imaging
• Hematopoieses
production of
blood cells
• Vertebrae
any of the 33 bones of the
spinal column