N-3 Omega-The Miracles of Today’s Nutrition. What
about future.?
Dr. Ugur Gogus
Middle East Technical University
Vocational School of Higher Education
Tel: +903122103653
Fax:+903122101239
gugur@metu.edu.tr
The very long chain
polyunsaturated fatty
acids
C18, C20, C22
Health
ω
15
12
9
COOH
Alpha-linolenic acid (omega -3)
12
9
COOH
ω
Linoleic acid (omega-6)
Arachidonic acid 14
the highest double bond locant
20
total C #
20-14:6(ω6)
Oleic acid
18- 9: 9(ω9)
ω
15
12
9
COOH
Alpha-linolenic acid (omega -3)
12
ω
Prostaglandins
9
COOH
Linoleic acid (omega-6)
blood vessels
blood circulation
body functions
n-6 omega PUFAs
Linoleic acid(LA)
PGE2;
TXA2
Arachidonic acid(AA)
Leukotriene B4
IL-2
IL-6
neutrophil
recruitment
immunosuppressive
free oxygen radicals
vascular permeability
platelet aggregation
odema
thrombogenesis and inflammation
TNF
IL-1
EFA
cholesterol
cytochrome P450
AA(n-6)
Brain
steroid hormone
LN(n-3)
Dihomo α-LN(n-3)
Sugar transfer
CTH hormone
LA(n-6)
reduce
PGE2;
produce
1 series eicosanoids
awakening
LTB4
neutrophil rec.
IL-2
IL-6
reduce
TXA3 + LTB5
TXA2
IL-1
Vasc.perm, platelet agg, odema
PGE3 Inflammation
PGE1 PGD2
PGI3
Sleep promoter
EPA(C20:5)&DHA(C22:6)
TNF
AA%
AA/LN
conversion rate
inflammation
dihomo α linolenic acid (LN)%
TNF
n-3 omega restoration
T-suppressor cell amount
antiinflammatory effect
eczema
psoriasis
rheumatoid arthritis
IBD
Chron’s disease
Stenson et al.(1992)/Hawthorne et al.(1992)
Colon mucosa
post operative healing
amount ???
oxidation ???
Vit
E
n-3 Omega; 5.4-4.5g
AA(n-6)
LA(n-6)
PGE2
IL-1
OFR
LTB4 TNF
Hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis
AA(n-6)
LA(n-6)
PGE2
IL-1
OFR
LTB4
TNF
Hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis
n-3 omega oxidation(7.7 g/daily)
Oxidation of red blood cells
LDL oxidation (Nardini, 1995)
No difference(Brude et al. 1997)
Are n-3 omega fatty acids oxidants or antioxidants?
Se, carotenoid
Dietary fat
Na
Cancer
Obesity
Hypertension
alcohol
Stroke
n-3 omega
CHD
n-3 omega(5,4 g/day)
PGE2 & thromboxanes
thrombosis,fibrilation & clot formation
CH amount
HDL
2 year follow up
n-3 omega 3 g/70 Kg/7day
Schacky et al(1999)
LDL
VLDL
(Lu, Windsor and Harris, 1999)
CH
VLDL
Protein kinase C
HDL (Rader 2003; Barbeau et al. 1997;
Allman et al. 2002; Liu, Wallin &
Saldeen, 2001)
NO
(Schoene 2001; El-seweidy et al. 2002)
n-3 omega
Saturated fat(coconut)
creatin phosphokinase
MI
MI
Nageswari,Banerjee & Menon 1999)
prevention in post myocardial infarction
n-3 omega
ischemia-induced aryhtmias
<3 g/day EPA&DHA GRAS
Lee and Lip(2003)
Leaf et al(2003)
n-6 omega & n-3 omega
PCB
Linoleic acid
endothelial cell wall
Slim et al.(2001)
n-3 omega
Cellular protection
Immun system defense
NADPH oxidase
Diabetes Mellitus
plasma glucose
fructosamine
triglyseride
LDL
HDL
NO
IL-1 & TNF
n-3 omega
LDL
IL-1 & TNF
serum glucose
?
(El-seweidy et al.2002; Gavia et al. 2003)
n-3 omega
Platelet aggregation
bile flow
kidney
(Levy & Herzberg 1996)
EPA
TNF
weight gain
(Fish oil & soy bean; Fish oil)
tumorigenesis
Colorectal cancer
Pancreas cancer
PGE2
flaxseed
fish oil
soy oil
olive oil
canola oil
(Gavia et al. 2003; Gogos et al. 1998; Barber et al. 1999:
Gavia et al. 2003; Troyer& fernandes, 1996; Denmark-Wahnefried et al. 1998)
Phospholipids + PGE2
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Depression
Stress
Postpartum depression
Alzheimer
Parkinson
MS
Schizophrenia

(Horrobin et al. 2002; Maes et al. 1993; Song et al. 1998;Hibbeln, 1998; Edwars et al. 1998; Peet et al. 1998;
Furukawa et al. 2002; Horribin et al. 2001)
Omega 6 / Omega 3
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10/1
15/1
2.5/1
4/1
2-3/1
5/1
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16.7/1
colorectal cancer
no effect
rheumatoid arthritis
asthma
(Simopoulos AP, 2002)
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Flax oil 9% Sat. Fat 20% Mono Fat 17% Omega-6 54% Omega-3
Grapeseed oil 10% Sat. Fat 17% Mono. Fat 73% Omega-6 Trace Omega-3
Pumpkin Oil 9% Sat. Fat 34% Mono. Fat 42% Omega-6 15% Omega-3
Canola Oil 6% Sat. Fat 58% Mono. Fat 26% Omega-6 10% Omega-3
Safflower Oil 9% Sat. Fat 13% Mono. Fat 78% Omega-6 Trace% Omega-3
Sunflower Oil 11% Sat. Fat 20% Mono. Fat 69% Omega-6 -0% Omega-3
Sesame Oil 15% Sat. Fat 46% Mono. Fat 41% Omega-6 0% Omega-3
Corn Oil 13% Sat. Fat 25% Mono. Fat 61% Omega-6 1% Omega-3
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Olive Oil 14% Sat. Fat 77% Mono. Fat 8% Omega-6 1% Omega-3
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Soybean Oil 15% Sat. Fat 24% Mono. Fat 54% Omega-6 7% Omega-3
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Walnut Oil 16% Sat. Fat 28% Mono. Fat 51% Omega-6 5% Omega-3
Peanut Oil 18% Sat. Fat 48% Mono. Fat 34% Omega-6 0% Omega-3
Lard 41% Sat. Fat 47% Mono. Fat 11% Omega-6 1% Omega-3
Chicken Fat 31% Sat. Fat 47% Mono. Fat 21% Omega-6 1% Omega-3
Beef Fat 52% Sat. Fat 44% Mono. Fat 3% Omega-6 1% Omega-3
Butterfat 66% Sat. Fat 30% Mono. Fat 2% Omega-6 2% Omega-3
Coconut Oil 92% Sat. Fat 6% Mono. Fat 2% Omega-6 0% Omega-3
Palm Oil 51% Sat. Fat 39% Mono. Fat 10% Omega-6 0% Omega-3
α linolenic acid Fat content/α linolenic
acid
Fat content(g/100g)
Butter
83.2
Lard
100.0
Linseed oil 100.0
Soybean oil 100.0
Rapseed oil 100.0
Walnut oil
100.0
Olive oil
100.0
Vegetable oil
80.0
Almonds
54.1
Hazelnut
61.6
Walnuts
62.5
Kale
0.90
Lettuce
0.22
Parsley
0.36
Potato
0.11
Cauliflower 0.18
Spinach
0.30
White cabbage
0.20
Wheat bran 4.65
/
α-linolenic acid(g/100g) :
1.20
0.98
102.04
54.2
1.84
7.70
12.98
9.15
10.93
13.5
0.86
2.40
0.26
0.15
6.80
0.35
2.57
0.07
0.12
0.02
0.10
1.8
0.13
0.09
0.16
29.06
69.3
7.40
625
33.3
208.07
410.6
9.19
3.14
3.00
5.5
2.31
2.22
Fat content EPA(g/100g)
DHA(g/100g)
fat
content/EPA(g/100g)+DHA(g/100g)
fat content(g/100g)
Eel
Hering
Sprat
Tuna
Salmon
Mackerel
Carp
Sardine
Swordfish
Trout
Halibut
Cod
Haddock
Lobster
Shrimp
Mussels
Anchovy
Sardine
EPA+DHA(g/100g) fat content/EPA+DHA(g/100g)
24.5
17.8
16.6
15.5
0.83
2.72
3.23
3.37
13.6
11.9
4.8
4.5
4.4
2.7
1.7
0.6
0.6
1.9
1.4
1.4
2.3
13.9
29.51
6.54
5.14
4.60
2.86
1.75
0.30
1.39
1.79
0.59
0.51
0.18
0.16
0.20
0.30
0.15
0.50
2.44
4.76
6.8
16
3.24*
2.45*
4.58
3.33*
3.33*
3.75*
9.5
4.66
9.33
4.60
5.70
Which fish for high Omega 3
education
information
Consumer
& correct
Which tablet & nutrition for consumer
health???
Cinnamon
Garlic
Parsley
Ginkgo bloba
Tebocan
Cumadin
Aspirin/coraspirin
Ginger
Omega 3
Infant nutrition/upto day 42
n-3 omega PUFAs
+ N balance
pyschomotor
+
birthweight
breast milk supl.
with omega 3 and
its effect???
(Woltil et al. 1999;Hayashi et al. 1999; Morley. 1998)
Omega & meat industry
Peroxide
poultry fed with 8-12% fish meal
(O’Keefe, Proudfoot & Ackman, 1995)
No change
lamb oxidative stress
(Ponnampalam et al, 2001)
Oxidative or nonoxidant or no change for meat products, which??
Enrichment of meat products with n-3 Ω (Raes, Smet & Demeyer, 2003)
What about serum CH & n-3Ω levels followed by consumption.??
No study on bone health!!!
Only; lenght growth
rats, fed with n-3Ω
vertebral peak load
(Sirois, Cheung & Ward, 2003)
Application points of n-3 Ω
Aerospace industry
Cardiovascular disease;
atherosclerosis,
athrial fibrilosis,
thrombose & emboly
Cancer (esp in gastrointestinal org.)
Diabetes type 2
Depression&stress
Inflammation; crohn’s disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, asthma, MS, chronic
glomerular disease, erythematıosus,
eczema, psoriasis, IBD)
Infant nutrition
Pre/post operative periods in
Alzheimer
surgery
Questions;
1 What amount DHA&EPA supl.
for
Which DHA&EPA metabolic serum levels
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?
Initial n-3/n-6 omega serum levels in the patient
The DHA/EPA amount in supplementation(from food or tablet)
Most accepted recommend? (by
FAO/WHO)(Trautwein 2001)
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5-10:1(n-6/n-3)
10/1
15/1
2.5/1
4/1
2-3/1
5/1
no effect
16.7/1
colorectal cancer
no effect
rheumatoid arthritis
asthma
(Simopoulos AP, 2002)
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Bone&skleton health
Missing
application
Consumer
education
and correctpoints;
dose
Oxidation or antioxidation capacity
Meat hygine and nutrition
Sport industry
Cosmetic industry
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