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Objectives
1. A basic understanding of human motivation
2. Insights into various human needs
3. An appreciation for the importance of motivating organization members
4. An understanding of various motivation strategies
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The Motivation Process
 Defining
Motivation
 Process
Theories of Motivation
 The

The Role of Individual Needs
 The

Needs-Goal Theory of Motivation
Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Motivation and Perceptions
 Equity Theory
of Motivation
To right the inequity some will :
1. Change their work inputs
2. Try to change the compensation
3. Try to change their own perception
4. Leave the situation
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The Motivation Process
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The Motivation Process
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The Motivation Process
 Process
 The

Theories of Motivation (continued)
Porter–Lawler Theory of Motivation
The Motivation Process
1. Perceived value
2. Effectively accomplishes
3. Perceived fairness
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The Motivation Process
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The Motivation Process
 Content
Theories of Motivation: Human Needs
 Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs
 Security needs

Social needs
 Esteem needs
 Self-actualization needs

 Alderfer’s
ERG Theory
1. Existence needs
2. Relatedness needs
3. Growth needs
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The Motivation Process
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The Motivation Process
 Content
Theories of Motivation: Human Needs (continued)
 Argyris’s
Maturity-Immaturity Continuum
1. From a state of passivity to increasing activity
2. From a state of dependence on others to relative independence
3. From being capable of behaving only in a few ways
to being capable of behaving in many different ways
4. From having erratic, casual, shallow, and quickly dropped interests
to having deeper, more lasting interests
5. From having a short time perspective to having a much longer one
6. From being in a subordinate position
to aspiring to occupy an equal or superordinate position
7. From a lack of self-awareness to awareness and control over self
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The Motivation Process
 Content
Theories of Motivation: Human Needs (continued)
 McClelland’s Acquired
Needs Theory

1. Need for achievement (nAch)

2. Need for power (nPower)

3. Need for affiliation (nAff)
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Motivating Organization Members
 The
Importance of Motivating Organization Members
 Strategies
for Motivating Organization Members
 Managerial
 Theory
 Job

Earlier Job Design Strategies

Job Rotation
Job Enlargement
Job Enrichment


X–Theory Y
Design


Communication
Job Enrichment and Productivity
Flextime

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Advantages of Flextime
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Motivating Organization Members
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Motivating Organization Members
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Motivating Organization Members
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Motivating Organization Members
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Motivating Organization Members
 Strategies
for Motivating Organization Members (continued)
 Behavior
Modification

Reinforcement

Punishment

Applying Behavior Modification
1. Giving different levels of rewards to different workers
2. Telling workers what they are doing wrong
3. Punishing workers privately
4. Always giving out rewards and punishments that are earned
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Motivating Organization Members
 Strategies
 Likert’s
for Motivating Organization Members (continued)
Management Systems

System 1—Lack of confidence or trust

System 2—Condescending confidence and trust

System 3—Substantial confidence

System 4—Complete trust and confidence

Styles, Systems, and Productivity
 Monetary
Incentives
 Nonmonetary
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Incentives
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Motivating Organization Members
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Questions
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