Done by: Wong
Wei Cong (32)
1A1
CONTENTS
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Elements, compounds and mixtures
Some terminology
What is the most abundant element in the
universe
Anatomy of a hydrogen atom
Hydrogen in our solar system
History of hydrogen
Uses & problems of hydrogen
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bomb
The hydrogen age?
Bibliography
Introduction
The periodic table is a table displaying all the known elements. It is invented in
1869 by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, who wanted the table to illustrate
recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements.
Some terminology…
•An atom is the smallest division of an element which cannot be divided
further, as its name suggests.
•It consists of a heavy nucleus, containing positively-charged protons and
electrically-neutral neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of light, negatively-charged
electrons; which stay together with the nucleus by electromagnetic force.
•Protons and neutrons behave like small particles, kind of like tiny balls; while
electrons have some of the properties of a wave.
•An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral;
one that has a positive or negative charge is an ion.
•Two or more atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
Isotope of hydrogen:
Deuterium
Positively-charged
hydrogen atom
Hydrogen atom
Negatively-charged
hydrogen atom
WHAT IS THE MOST ABUNDANT
ELEMENT IN THE UNIVERSE?
Hydrogen
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Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the Universe,
making up roughly three-quarters of the Universe's mass and over 90%
by number of atoms.
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The symbol for hydrogen is H and its atomic number is 1. Its name is
derived from the Greek ‘Hydro Genes’, which means “water-former”,
because hydrogen produces water when burned.
Electrolysis of
water. Electricity
is used to split
water into
hydrogen and
oxygen.
ANATOMY OF A HYDROGEN ATOM
•A hydrogen atom is made up of one proton and one electron. Hydrogen is
the only element without neutrons.
•Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: 1H (protium), 2H
(deuterium) and 3H (tritium).
Plasma hydrogen
Hydrogen in our solar system
•Our Sun is mainly composed of plasma hydrogen. Hydrogen is important in the
forming and powering of stars.
•Jupiter and the other gas planets are primarily made up of hydrogen. At a
certain point deep inside the planet, the immense pressure converts the solid
non-metallic hydrogen into solid metallic hydrogen.
•Hydrogen is relatively rare in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is light, so it is able to
escape Earth’s gravity more easily then heavier gases.
•However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth’s surface.
It is present in water (H20) and most organic compounds. It is also produced by
some bacteria and algae.
HISTORY OF HYDROGEN
•Hydrogen gas (H2) was first artificially produced in the early 16th century.
•Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete
substance and that it produces water when burned.
•At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colourless, odourless,
tasteless and highly flammable gas.
Why blimps are now filled with
helium instead of hydrogen
Uses & problems of hydrogen
•Hydrogen is used in processing fossil fuels, and used to make ammonia
for fertilisers and methanol.
•Liquid hydrogen is used as rocket fuel.
•Deuterium and tritium are used in nuclear fusion (multiple atomic nuclei
combining together to form a single heavier nucleus) to generate
electricity.
•In mitigating the effects of global warming, when hydrogen is produced
from fossil fuels, long-term storage of CO2 could be conducted with
hydrogen as a carrier of energy.
Uses & problems of hydrogen
(II)
•The hydrogen economy could be an alternative to our current oil and coal based
economy.
•When hydrogen burns with oxygen, the only by-product from the reaction is water.
•Hydrogen fuel cells are increasingly being seen as pollution-free energy sources.
•Hydrogen can cause many metals to become brittle, posing a problem to the
design of pipelines and storage tanks.
Hydrogen bonding
•A hydrogen bond refers to a hydrogen atom attaching to another atom, like nitrogen,
oxygen or fluorine.
•Hydrogen shares electrons with another atom to create the bond.
•The bond is present in water and DNA.
•Hydrogen bonding between molecules is responsible for the high boiling point of
water (100 °C).
•Hydrogen bonding within a molecule plays an important role in the structure of
proteins and nucleic acids like DNA, and also the structure of man-made and natural
polymers (plastics).
Hydrogen bonding (II)
Hydrogen bonds in DNA
Hydrogen bonds in polymers
Hydrogen bonds in
cellulose
HYDROGEN BOMB
•A hydrogen bomb is a weapon obtaining its energy from the nuclear fusion of
hydrogen isotopes; unlike an atomic bomb, where the nuclei of uranium or
plutonium atoms are split into smaller parts, producing energy.
•At the centre of a hydrogen bomb is an atomic bomb, with a layer of lithium
deuteride (a compound of lithium and deuterium) surrounding it; while
around it is a thick outer layer.
• Neutrons from the atomic explosion cause the lithium to fission into helium,
tritium, and energy.
Hydrogen bomb (II)
The Hydrogen age?
Conclusion
The uses of hydrogen does not end here. Energy is the universal currency on
Earth. Conventional fossil fuels have a notorious reputation of polluting the
Earth. Furthermore, they are depleting fast. That is where comes “The
Hydrogen Age”. As quoted from “The Hydrogen Age: Empowering a CleanEnergy Future” by Geoffrey Holland, James J. Provenzano, “The word is
entering The Hydrogen Age. That is a very good thing. It will mean cleaner
skies. It will address global warming in the most effective way possible. It will
eliminate our dependence on foreign oil and end the political conflict driven
by our oil addiction. These are all the things we can celebrate. The really
great news is this exciting energy transition will not be a drag to the economy.
On the contrary, it will stimulate unprecedented economic opportunity.
Millions of good jobs will be created over the years it will take to fully
implement this bold, clean energy vision. We need to do it now, and we can
do it now.”
THE HYDROGEN AGE?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.aerospaceguide.net/solar_system/our_sun.gif
http://www.oxfordreference.com/media/images/31908_0.jpg
http://www.lancs.ac.uk/ug/hussainw/fusion.jpg
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie5.shtml
http://i36.photobucket.com/albums/e13/pronkyou/Hindenburg.gif
http://amitojgautam.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/nuclear-reactors1.jpg
http://www.portsl.com/transportation/images/PipelinesA.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_wate
r.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hydrogen-bonding-in-water2D.png/800px-Hydrogen-bonding-in-water-2D.png
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/122hbondwater.JPEG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission
http://www.anthonares.net/JET_tokamak.jpg
http://cassandrasecurity.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/11/hydrogen_bomb_toroidal_cloud2.jpg
http://www.b-29s-over-korea.com/Hydrogen_Bomb/images/H-bomb_1.gif
http://www.genebenson.com/Neat%20Stuff/neat_stuff_images/mk_36_hydrogen.jpg
http://www.mcb10koreaseabees.com/images/Castle_Bravo_2-29-1954.jpg
http://startswithabang.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/h-bomb-explosion.jpg
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/1.html
http://periodictable.com/Samples/001.9/s13.JPG
http://www.chemicool.com/elements/hydrogen.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/movs/h_mov.html
http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/hydrogen.html
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0824719.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/3-atoms.htm
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/GIFS/AAAUASN0.JPG
http://www.videopediaworld.com/video/16910/Assignment-Discovery-ElementsCompounds-and-Mixtures
http://www.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/SecInfo/HydrogenS.pdf