Fall Semester Exam Review
By: Mr. Mora
Basic Landforms
Island – land area, smaller than a
continent surrounded by water
• Archipelago – a group or chain
of islands
Basic Landforms Cont’d
• Plain - area of land,
usually at low elevation
and often covered with
grasses
• Plateau – area of flat or
rolling land at high
elevation
Plate Tectonics
• The process of continental drift and magma
flow that creates the Earth physical features
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE
Plate Tectonics (cont)
• Subduction (or Convergent Plates)
– Heavier sea plates dive under lighter continental
plates
• Creates volcanic mountains
– Results in earthquakes and tsunamis
Plate Tectonics (cont)
• Faults
– Occurs when plates grind past each other
• As the plates slide, earthquakes are created
“Ring of Fire”
The Pacific ”Ring of Fire” (or just The Ring of Fire) is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean (responsible for creating places such as the Hawaiin islands).
Mountain Ranges of North America
The Rocky Mountains stretch
from Texas up to Canada
Appalachian Mountains are
Mostly In the United States.
The northern portion extends
into Canada.
The Appalachian Mountains are
older than the Rocky Mountains.
Ural Mountains
• The Ural
Mountain
range
separates
Europe from
Asia.
Orographic (Rain Shadow Effect)
Windward Side
Leeward Side
The higher the elevation, the temperature gets cooler. Rising air cools and condenses and
creates precipitation.
Landforms
• Delta: A delta is an area of land in which a river divides into smaller rivers and empties into a larger body of
water.
•A tropical hurricane is caused by the very rapid evaporation of warm ocean water in the late summer months.
Typhoon in Okinawa 2012
Typhoon is the same as a Hurricane.
Eight Factors That Affect
Climate
Continental
Latitude
Location
Air Pressure
O
cean Currents
Mountain
Barriers
Elevation
Wind Currents
Storms
(These 8 factors affect climate…nothing else)
Climate Factors
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question:
• In the map above, the major influencing climatic factor are mountain
barriers (i.e., coastal ranges, Sierra Nevada mountains). Remember,
mountain barriers is one of the factors in LAMECOWS.
The Seasons
The seasons occur
because of the tilt of
the earth and our
revolution around the
sun
Due to tilt of earth, not all
places receive same
amount of light at one
time
Tilt
Definition: Axial tilt is the inclination angle of a
planet's rotational axis in relation to its orbital
plane
What would happen
If the earth’s tilt changed?
Seasons would change
Population Pyramids
Less Developed
More Developed
Remember, countries with pyramid shapes, such as the
Philippines, are less developed, whereas, countries with
“honey-combed” shapes are more developed.
X and Y Axis of Human Pyramid
Y axis = age of people
X axis = # of people of
a certain age
Human Pyramid, Cont.
Use the graphs and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
• In the population pyramids above, you can see that in 1950 Japan had a high birth rate and high
death rate (i.e. developing country); in the 2007 population pyramid, Japan’s pyramid looks like
a honey comb, which signifies a developed country with lower birth rates and lower death
rates. In 2050, Japan is projected to have an even lower birth rate and high life expectancies
for the elder populations…i.e. Japan will be a country of mostly old people, and few young
people.
North Africa
As everyone can see, population density are in clusters, since this is North Africa, located in the
Sahara desert, settlements are found in areas with reliable sources of water.
Also, since the northern area of Africa receives less than 10 inches of annual rainfall, this area
would be defined as a Desert.
Region Characteristics
•
In the South American country of Brazil, the official language is Portuguese, which
comes from Portugal.
This thematic map would be most useful to a —
• For these kind of questions, use your common sense. For example, since the thematic map
above shows the average amount of rain in California, it can be inferred that a farmer would
find this information more useful.
Urban Buildup
With the rise of the Industrial Revolution (i.e. factories,
industrial facilities, etc.) an increased labor force in urban areas
was needed in order to operate the factories/industry. This
increase in human population in the cities has created what is
now known as “urban sprawl .”
Migration Chart
Use the chart and your knowledge of social studies to answer question.
Title:
_____________________________________________________________________________
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Turkish authorities persecuted Christian Armenians
Armenians with relatives in the United States were
in their villages and drove many women and
attracted by stories of economic opportunity and a
children into the desert.
life without persecution.
Above, you will see a similar chart and a question asking what would be
the best title for the chart. Use your common sense. Read both factors
carefully and find a common feature among both to come up with a
viable answer.
Economics
•
High tech industry, service and manufacturing industries are an example of Market
oriented economy
•
The European Union (EU) consists of countries that are physically located in
Europe.
•
Subsistence Farming: Farmers grow just enough food crops to feed their own
families.
•
Commercial Farming: Farmers grow food crops in order to sell and make a profit.
Economics, Cont.
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of social studies to answer the question
Subsistence Agriculture
Both Market Oriented Agriculture
Small Scale
Family produced
Low Level of
technology
Type of
Agriculture
Depends on supply and
demand; Common in developed
countries; Farmers raise goods
that give the most profit
• In a market economy, supply and demand determines the prices of goods and
services.
Traditional Economy
Early form, very primitive and basic
Economic decisions based on customs and
beliefs
Passed from one generation to the next by
family, etc.
Economic system where people produce
what they need to survive
Often centered around hunting and
gathering, subsistence farming, or herding
Example: A primitive tribe
Communism
• A system of government in
which the state plans and
controls the economy and
citizens, claiming to make
progress toward a higher
social order in which all
goods are equally shared by
the people
• A major goal of
communism is to have a
classless society
Three types of Regions
Formal, Functional, and Perceptual
• Formal (uniform) – defined by a common
characteristics such as a product produced
there or climate experienced there
• The Corn Belt – Iowa-Illinois area in the US
– Common Characteristic?
• Islamic World – Middle East
– Common Characteristic?
Functional Region
• Functional - a central place and the
surrounding area linked to it
– Group of places that help each other function
Examples:
• Regional airport of Dallas/Fort Worth
• Trade area of city
Perceptual Region
• Perceptual - defined by popular feelings and
images rather than by objective data
• “Heartland”
• Its what YOU think an area is
• Hollywood!
Part 2
Climate Zones Based on Latitude
• Climates in the world are organized into
climate zones (based on latitudes):
•
•
•
Low Latitude
Mid-Latitudes
High Latitudes
Climate Zones & Biomes
(High Latitude) • Subarctic
• Arctic
•
•
•
Grasslands
•
Humid Subtropical •
Mediterranean
Humid Continental
Marine West Coast
(Low Latitude) • Tropical Rainforest
Warmest Avg. Temp
• Tropical Grassland
• Desert
•
•
•
Grasslands
•
Humid Subtropical •
Mediterranean
Humid Continental
Marine West Coast
(High Latitude) • Subarctic
• Arctic
•
Highland (found in mountainous areas around the world)
Climatic Zones & Biomes
(Not all, there are more…)
Biome
Climatic Zone
World Location
Vegetation
Seasons
Tropical
Rainforest
Low Latitude
Amazon basin, equatorial
Africa, East Indies, from
Sumatra to New Guinea
A canopy of tall trees
with layers of
shorter trees and
plants
underneath
Heavy rainfall in all
months, no
difference in
seasons; very warm
year round
Arctic
High Latitude
Northern North America
and Eurasia (Closest to
North Pole)
Short grasses,
mosses, lichens,
tundra
Extremely cold and dry
all year
Desert
Middle/Low
latitudes
Western North America
(southwest U.S.
southwest South America
(Chili) north central
Mexico, north Africa,
southwest Africa, central
Australia, north Asia
(China, Mongolia)
Scattered vegetation;
short grasses and
shrubs, cacti
Warm or Cold,
little to no
precipitation year
round
Humid
Continental
Middle
Latitudes
North central North America;
north central Asia
(China); Korea; Japan;
central and eastern
Europe
Mixed coniferous and
deciduous forest
Warm summer cold
winters, moderate
rainfall throughout
the year
Thematic Map Example
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the question.
Distribution of Muslim Populations
Above is an example of Thematic Map showing the distribution of Muslims around the
world. You will need to know to read a thematic map, and know the regions of the
world (e.g. Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Northwest Europe, etc.).
Climate Regions
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the question.
Remember, the climate regions of northern Europe are greatly influenced by the
ocean currents from the Pacific, namely the Norwegian current, which started out as
the Gulf Stream.
Languages
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the question.
According to the map, people living in Belgium most likely speak French and
German, since they are adjacent to France and Germany. Likewise, people living
in Switzerland, most likely speak French, German, and Italian, due to their
proximity to France, Germany , and Italy.
Overseas Imperialism/Migration
• In Africa, European powers exploited African natural resources for their
benefit.
• In Egypt, most of the population settled along the Nile River for access and
availability of resources.
• Diffusion is the spread of ideas, knowledge, and skills from their places of
origin to other areas where they are adopted.
• Economic pull factors caused the shift of population (i.e. urbanization) in
19th century England, and you can see this type of urbanization today in
developing nations…i.e. people are being pulled by the possibility of work
in the cities.
Human & Physical Geography
• Deforestation is defined as the depletion or loss of the forest by human
activity such as logging, farming, etc.
• Based on what you know about LAMECOWS, do lines of longitude dictate
or influence climate? No…longitude is not a part of LAMECOWS, hence,
not considered a climatic factor.
• Conquest and colonization caused the Indo-European language family to
be spoken by approximately half of the world.
•
The effect of the Columbian exchange on European society was an
increase in human population due to the introduction of new foods such
as, potatoes, corn, etc.
Human & Physical Geography, Cont.
• The development of the steam engine in the 1800s revolutionized
transportation (e.g. steam ships, locomotives).
• The mountainous terrain of the Balkan peninsula directly influenced the
development of Greek city-states.
• In Southern Europe, the Iberian
Peninsula is made up of Portugal and Spain
Human & Physical Geography, Cont.
• The “Old South” of the United States is a good example of a perceptual region, since
the term is based on people’s attitudes and perceptions.
• European “Imperialism” affected most of the entire continent of Africa.
• France and Britain were the two main imperialist power(s) that controlled Africa.
• The European Union was created in 1993 with the signing of the Treaty on European
Union, commonly referred to as the Maastricht Treaty.
• A savannah is an area that has common landforms, soils, climate, and vegetation.
Which biome is paired with its correct climatic zone?
• Christianity is the predominant religion in Europe, which means that most
Europeans are Christians.
Democracy
• leaders are usually elected
by the people
• Citizens who are eligible
to vote have a say in how
the government works.