The nervous system
鄭先祐(Ayo) 製作
Life Science 2010
• Fig. 22.1 animal
nervous systems
• (a) Hydra, with
no coordinating
center
• (b) planarian,
with a brain.
• (c) Earthworm,
well-defined
brain.
• (d) Frog, welldeveloped brain
protected by bone.
• (e) human.
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The nervous system
• Central nervous system (中樞神經系統)
– Brain + spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (周圍神經系統)
– Somatic nervous system
• cranial nerves
• spinal nerves (dorsal + ventral root)
– Autonomic nervous system (自主神經系統)
• Sympathetic nervous system (交感神經系統)
• parasympathetic nervous system (副交感神經系統)
Table 22.1 parts of the human nervous system
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Fig. 22.2 a simple
reflex arc is shown
in the knee-jerk
response.
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• Notice the diminutive
size of the cerebrum
relative to the olfatory
延腦
bulb in fish.
小腦
大腦
嗅囊
Fig. 22.3 (a) fish (b) snake
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(c)
Fig. 22.3 (a) cat
(b) human
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Fig. 22.4 Birds are so stupid
because they can fly.
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• Fig. 22.5 Under the wrinkled exterior of the
human brain resides an incredibly complex
array of neurons.
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Fig. 22.6 The human brain in surface view, showing
the two halves,, or cerebral hemispheres.
大腦皮層
視丘
橋腦
小腦
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額葉
頂葉
枕葉
顳葉
小腦
延腦
Fig. 22.6
(b)system
Major lobes of human brain.10
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Table 22.2
Function of human brain
•
•
•
•
•
•
Medulla oblongata： 呼吸、消化、心跳、...
cerebellum ： 控制平衡和協調。
Pons 連接大腦和小腦。
Thalamus ： The great relay station
Reticular system：過濾感覺神經訊息
Hypothalamus：調解心跳、血壓、体溫、
和腦下垂體，控制饑餓、口渴和性的動機。
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Fig. 22.7 The reticular
system of the human
brain. The impulse
originating at the
lower right passes
through the reticular
system, with its untold
millions of neurons.
The smaller arrows
indicate the entire
cerebrum has been
alerted, but a specific
part (the lighted area)
is the target of most
of the impulses.
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感應區
動作區
思考區
Fig. 22.8 Sensory and motor
cortex.
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Essay 22.1 Penfield's mapping
• Wilder Penfield, of the
Montreal Neurological
Institute, was one of the
group of researchers who
fascinated scientific world
by stimulating the human
brain with electrodes.
• Most of work was done on
epileptic (癲癇) patients.
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Epileptic patients
• the attacks are caused by uncontrolled neural
discharges from the injured area sporadically
surging through the brain.
• Penfield's surgery was an attempt to identify and
remove the damaged area without damaging other
areas of the brain.
• The patients were conscious throughout the
operation (the brain can not feel pain) and could
respond to questions when various parts of their
brain were stimulated.
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Essay 22.1 Penfield's mapping
• Penfield was able, in effect, to "map" the
brain, to determine which parts are
associated with specific functions.
• Penfield found that the human brain may
"remember" virtually everything it has ever
experienced, and that these memories can
be elicited in very specific terms.
• We all have what are called "photographic
memories" to an extent.
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• Penfield has described the storage of such
memories as being similar to recording by a
tape recorder.
• The recorder is able to run only forward,
and it has only one speed.
• Electrode stimulation cannot elicit events in
any sequence other than the one in which
they happened, and, when elicited, these
remembered events are re-experienced at
the same rate they occurred.
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Two Brains, Two minds?
• Fig. 22.9 The right
and left sides of
the brain control,
in a general way,
different abilities.
• 左腦：言語、理
性、作文
• 右腦：音樂、三
度空間感、直覺、
想像
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Fig. 22.10 The corpus callosum is a broad
tract of nerve fiber that connects the two
hemispheres
of the brain.
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• 有corpus
callosum 可以
整合左右影像。
• 若是切開，則
無法整合。
Fig. 22.11 Splitting the two visual fields
of the brain.
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副交感神經
交感神經
Fig. 22.12 The autonomic nervous system.
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Fig. 22.12 The autonomic nervous system.
副交感神經
交感神經
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Fig. 22.13 The sensory
System detects the
presence of a bear and
relays that information to
the cerebrum, where the
bear is recognized as
such. The hypothalamus
and sympathetic nervous
system are then activated,
which stimulates the
adrenal medulla to
secrete norepinephrine.
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Fig. 22.13
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Fig. 22.13
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Fig. 22.13
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Fig. 22.13
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Fig. 22.13
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Autonomic Learning
• Researchers of Rockefeller University were able
to teach rats to increase or decrease heart rate,
blood pressure, intestinal contractions, blood
vessel diameter, and even rate of urine formation.
• The ones in the desired direction were rewarded
by electrical stimulation of the "pleasure center"
of the brain; variations in the other direction were
punished by a slight but unpleasant shock.
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• Some of the amazing
feats accomplished by
some practitioners of
yoga, such as when they
drastically lower their
metabolic rate, may be
due to autonomic learning
(Fig. 22.14)
• Fig. 22.14 Yogis may
work their wonders by
using autonomic learning
to alter the condition of
their tissues.
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Biofeedback
• People are provided with information that
allows them to monitor their autonomic
processes and control them.
• For example, when given information on
their brainwaves, they may learn to
consciously generated those waves that
indicate restfulness and peace (Fig. 22.15)
Fig. 22.15 腦波
(a) wakeful
(b) at rest
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Here, an entire
football team
reduces stress
before a game
with techniques
learned through
biofeedback
training.
Fig. 22.15 Biofeedback techniques allow the subject to
monitor his or her brainwaves and thus to increase the
likelihood of generating waves of a specific type, such as
those associated
with
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system relaxation.
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Mindbenders
• Drugs are psychoactive agents: that is, they
can alter mood, memory, attention, control,
judgement, time-and space sense, emotion,
and sensation.
• Most cause effects that can be placed along
a continuum between stimulation and
depression (Fig. 22.16).
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Fig. 22.16 (上半部 stimulation)A continuum of drug action.
The effects are shown at left, the various agents at right. The
neutral area is drug free.
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Fig. 22.16 (下半部 depression)A continuum of drug action.
The effects are shown at left, the various agents at right. The
neutral area is drug free.
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Essay 22.2 pills and personalities
• Do you ever feel dumb?
If so, maybe there's a
pill in your future.
• Are you ever
impulsive(衝動)? 購買
慾？
• Are you shy? Forgetful?
• 這些都有各別的藥丸。
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藥丸的功效
• A shy child may have an easily stimulated
amygadala.
• Shy children my also produce too much of
the excitatory neurotransmitter
norepinephrine. A drug that blocks the
receptors for epinephrine at the synapse
could help.
• Too little serotonin leading to fewer social
invitations.
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• Other drugs can reduce obsessive behavior
(強迫性行為) (such as constant and
needless cleaning), impulsiveness (that can
lead to shoplifting, or kleptomania 竊盜狂),
and anxiety (焦慮).
• There are drugs that can help concentration,
increase memory, and stimulate other traits
that can increase IQ scores on tests.
• Will a changed person still be the same
person? If someone is to be changed, who
decides? Is it good or bad?
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The growth of
psychopharmacology
• Tree advances have propelled the growth of
psychopharmacology.
• (1) there is good evidence that emotion springs from
the activity of neurotransmitters operating in certain
parts of the brain
• (2) we have abundant information regarding which
part of the brain controls what emotions.
• (3) we're learning which transmitters operated in
each of those areas.
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Tabacco
• Tabacco is the dried leaf of the plant Nicotiana
tabacum.
• Over 6800 different chemicals are found in
tobacco smoke, many of them carcinogens.
• The major psychoactive product nicotine is
carcinogenic.
• In large doses, nicotine may also cause
cramps(抽筋), vomiting(嘔吐), diarrhea(腹瀉),
dizziness(頭昏), confusion(困惑), and
tremors(發抖).
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Smoking
• The development of the
smoking habit is curious.
另外就是香煙強力廣
告的誘惑。
• Smoking may cause
physiological and
psychological
dependence on the
products in the smoke.
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Table 22.3
some mindbending drugs
• Tobacco (煙草)： stimulant 生理和心理依賴
• Caffeine (咖啡)： stimulant 有點心理依賴
• THC(marijuana/hashish, 大麻) ：少量鎮定，
多量有幻覺 可能會產生心理依賴
• Alcohol： depressant 生理和心理依賴
• Opiates(鴉片)：depressant 強烈的生理依賴
• Cocaine(古柯鹼)：stimulant 生理和心理依賴
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Table 22.3
some mindbending drugs
• Amphetamines (安非他命)：stimulant 生理
和心理依賴
• Barbiturates(巴必妥)：depressant 生理和心
理依賴
• Phencyclidine ：relaxation, euphoria, 幻覺
• Methaqualone ： depressant 生理依賴
• Psychedelics ： 幻覺
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Fig. 22.18 Marijuana plants were once a common weed. The
species, however, has undergone tremendous artificial
selection to produce plants high in THC (大麻).
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• Fig. 22.19 An early
governmental
warning of the
hazards of marijuana
use. Such
exaggeration have led
to a general
skepticism regarding
such warnings.
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• Fig. 22.20 Photo of
Coca-Cola ad touting
that it contains cocaine.
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Essay 22.3 The hangover (宿醉)
• A hangover is a
seemingly interminable
but temporary chemical
imbalance in the body,
caused by alcohol
acting as an anesthetic
on the central nervous
system.
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This person is in a
stupor(昏迷) at this
point but has been
tied down because
he can be expected
to be violent should
be ever awaken.
• Fig. 22.21 Admitted to a hospital as a result of an
overdose of barbiturates.
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The hangover (宿醉)
• A dilation of blood vessels in the brain, the
movement of water, potassium, and other ions
from the cell outward to the intercellular spaces,
depletion of magnesium form the kidneys, and
inflammation of the stomach lining.
• The results are headache, insatiable thirst, upset
stomach, fatigue, grouchiness(嘮叨), and
perhaps remorse(懊悔).
• The morning-after drink provides superficial
relief while slowing down recovery.
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 問題與討論！
japalura@hotmail.com
Ayo NUTN website:
http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
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