Chapters 20 & 21 Notes
Kingdom Protista
Where Do We Find Protists?
Protists live in water.
Protists are found in: oceans,
streams, pond water, mud
puddles, snow, inside other
organisms, etc.
What Are Protists?
Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or
Multicellular?
dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima
Unicellular
Heterotrophic or
Autotrophic?
Both
Collodictyon
How Are Protists Classified?
Protists are classified
based on their
nutrition.
There are three types of protists.
a. Animal-like
Ex. Amoeba, euglena,
paramecium
b. Plant-like
Ex. Algae, seaweed, kelp
c. Fungus-like
Ex. Molds
Animal-like Protists
Called Protozoans
Protozoans are unicellular
and heterotrophic.
Protozoans
are classified
by their mode
of motility.
This means
“How they
move.”
Three Types of Motility
Pseudopods – are lobes of
cytoplasm that move to
surround and engulf food.
They look like blobs.
Example:
Amoeba
Flagella – are whip-like
tails that propel the
protozoa through the water.
Example:
Euglena
Cilia – short, hairlike
projections on the outside of
the protozoan’s body.
Example:
Paramecium
Plant-like Protists
• Autotrophic protists that get
their nutrition through
photosynthesis.
These
protists are
called algae.
•There are 4 kinds of
unicellular algae:
Euglenophytes,
Chrysophytes, Diatoms
and Dinoflagellates
Euglenophytes
Chrysophytes
Yellow-green algae, "golden
plants"
Diatoms
produce
thin cell
walls of
silicon,
main
component
of glass
Dinoflagellates
Often have two flagella
luminescent
•There are 3 kinds of
multicellular algae:
green, red and brown
algae
Green Algae
Blue green algae
Red Algae
Brown Algae
Sargassam
Padina durvillaei
Alginic Acid, harvested from
brown algae, is used to make
products such as toothpaste,
soap and ice cream.
Fungus-like Protists
• These protists
break down dead
organic matter
just like fungi.
These protists are
considered
decomposers.
Example: Molds
There are two types of
molds:
slime molds &
water molds.
How Do Protists Affect Us?
Phytoplankton, which are a
form of algae, provide and
maintain the earth’s oxygen
levels through photosynthesis
(supply almost
½ of the
world’s oxygen)
Protists can also cause diseases
in plants & animals. Ex are:
malaria, amoebic dysentery, and
the potato famine.
Many protists are used
in foods such as ice
cream, pudding, pancake
syrups and sushi.
Red Tides
Some dinoflagellates
produce “red tides” – when
algae grow into enormous
masses known as blooms
Red Tide
The algal blooms rob the water of
oxygen and can cause fish and
other sea life to die
The algal blooms can also put a
toxin into shellfish (clams &
oysters) that eat them and that
toxin can be spread to
humans and cause
serious illness and even
death
Photo sites
http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/PGclass/webpagepictures2/paramecium2.jpg
http://volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/volvox-carteri.jpg
http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/holyoak/didinium_small.jpg
http://socialmediaanswers.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/mudpuddlemarch200844-300x200.jpg
http://www.bbc.co.uk/essex/content/images/2008/04/08/snow_norsey_woods_470_470x352.jpg
http://www.ucc.ie/academic/zeps/pages/Web_Page/Streams.JPG
http://www.atlasgeo.net/htmlp/OceanIndien3.htm
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/protists/a
moeba_proteus_X_100_small.jpg
http://www.fiu.edu/~reink/images/research6.jpg
http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/rawdata/viewable/collodictyon009_wbw.jpg
http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/images/bio11m20.jpg
http://neo-science.net/images/products/450056.jpg
http://www.planet-pets.com/amoeba1.jpg
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/07/Euglena.JPG
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1244/60019219.JPG
http://www.visitniugini.com/png/export/pics/gallerypictures/images/Algae.jpg
http://www.itmonline.org/image/seaweed4.jpg
http://www.cpawsbc.org/files/images/marine/mpas/kelp.jpg
http://atlanticbuildinginspections.com/mold.aspx
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/28-14x-CiliatesCollage.jpg
http://clem.mscd.edu/~churchcy/BIO3200/images/euglenamov.gif
http://www.tvt-bio.com/jpg/0c.jpg
http://guitarfish.org/images/posts/algae-staghorn-09-19-2006.jpg
http://stpetebeach.org/Images/redtideclean.jpg
Photo sites
http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/3_euglenophytes.gif
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/chrys.jpg
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_plantlikeprotists.html
http://crca.caloosahatchee.org/img/green_algae_080508_big.jpg
http://ww.drsfostersmith.com/images/articles/a_redslimealgae_27159P_1.jpg
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/reds/porphyra.gif
http://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/bluegreen_algae_186.jpg
http://www.wetwebmedia.com/Algae%20and%20Plt%20Pix/Brown%20Algae/Sargassum.jpg
http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/dampier/images/explore/flora/brownalgae/brownalgae03.jpg
http://natureinfocus.com/gallery/download/302-2/Slime_Mold.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/ymike2002/images/WATERMO.jpg
http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Green_jpegs/Stigeoclonium_Key196.jpg
http://images.spaceref.com/news/early.earth.jpg
http://www.openhere.com/images/newsimgs/210chimes_malaria.jpg
http://molecular.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/moviegallery/images/pondscum/amoeba.jpg
http://www.northwestern.edu/shared/cms/images/newscenter/2006/06/potato.jpg
http://www.coolhunting.com/images/Ice_Cream_Keeper.jpg
http://img.sushi.pro/nori.jpg
http://www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/50321802/Carrageenan.jpg
http://www.gesundes-reisen.de/imgdata/giftig_anja/red_tide.jpg
http://www.ucsusa.org/gulf/pixgulf/state_fl_hea01.jpg
http://www.earthhopenetwork.net/red_tide_rotting_fish.jpg
http://www.marine-genomics-europe.org/upload/dinoflagellate_copie.jpg
Kingdom Fungi
What Are And Where Do Fungi Live?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or Multicellular?
Multicellular
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?
Heterotrophic
Agaricus A.
campetris
Fungi grow in dark
and moist places and
feed on dead organic
matter.
How Are Fungi Classified?
Fungi are classified
by their method of
reproduction.
1. Asexual reproduction
– involves
only one parent
and does not involve the
exchange of genetic
information.
2. Sexual reproduction
– involves
exchange of
genetic information
between two
individuals.
Three Forms of Asexual Reproduction
 Budding – a
parent cell
produces
offspring by
forming a small
bud which then
separates from
the parent to form
a new organism.
Yeast cells are an example
of budding. Yeast cells are
unique among fungi because
BUD
they are unicellular.
YEAST CELL
.
Regeneration – a piece
of fungus breaks off and
forms a new fungus.
Spores – reproductive
cells that form new
fungi
Groups of Fungi
Common Molds – includes
molds that grow on meat,
cheese & bread
Mildew
Sac Fungi – includes
cup fungi, but also
yeast (unicellular)
Club Fungi – includes
typical mushrooms
that you buy from the
store
Imperfect Fungi – includes
Penicillium (makes Penicillin),
athlete’s foot & ringworm
Structure of a Typical Mushroom
• Label: Cap, Annulus, Stipe, Gills &
Hyphae
CAP
ANNULUS
GILLS
STIPE
(STALK)
HYPHAE
Fungi in the Biosphere
 Lichens –are a
symbiotic
relationship
between a fungus
and a
photosynthetic
organism like
algae.
Lichens
 In this relationship,
the algae provides food
for the fungus and the fungus
provides shelter for the algae.
 What kind of symbiotic
relationship is this?
MUTUALISM
How Do Fungi Affect Us?
• Fungi are used in food. These
include mushrooms, bread yeast to
make bread, and some cheeses gain
their flavor from the mold that
grows on them.
• Fungi are decomposers and
help maintain equilibrium in
ecosystems.
• Diseases caused by fungi
are athlete’s foot,
ringworm, and thrush.
Fungi in Medicine
Penicillin was found by
accident by Alexander Fleming.
This led to the discovery of
antibiotics.
Many fungi form antibiotics and
have been very beneficial in the
treatment against bacterial
diseases.
Never eat
mushrooms that
you didn’t buy at
the grocery store.
Many mushrooms
look like the
edible kind but are
poisonous.
Fungus photo sites
http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/fungus_diversity.jpg
http://www.adnet.ie/blogs/media/mushroom.jpg
http://www.world-of-fungi.org/Introduction/evolut1.jpg
http://www.hampshirefare.co.uk/images/Leckford%20mushrooms%20growing.JPG
http://attra.ncat.org/images/Woodlot2.jpg
http://sparkleberrysprings.com/v-web/b2/images/j/jackolantern3.jpg
http://gourmetposter.com/poisonous.jpg
http://users.ixpres.com/~dpcharp/BPChap3_files/image032.jpg
http://www.silverfalls.k12.or.us/staff/read_shari/modbudding.jpg
http://www.cbv.ns.ca/MCHS/diversity/fungi.jpg
http://www.purdue.edu/envirosoft/lawn/images/fairy1.jpg
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/31-15-BuddingYeast.jpg
http://suddenoakdeath.org/assets/images/fungus.jpg
http://forums.mycotopia.net/attachments/holding-tank/65649d1193592337-woodlover-regeneration-tek-densification-rhizomorphs-layering-rhizo_o_azur_13d.jpg
http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/microangela/mbread2go.jpg
http://www.botos.com/weekly/imgp6685a_800.jpg
http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/CazImages/Common_mold_Rhizopus_small.jpg
http://rainforest-australia.com/pics/Cup_fu28.jpg
http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/CazImages/Ascomycetes_small.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/vines/8983/fungi/agaric.jpg
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/penici11.jpg
http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/others/tube-lichen-22219.jpg
http://www.buenavistatownship.org/photos/british%20soldier%20lichen.jpg
http://www.cooperis.com/quizzes/cheese.jpg
http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/foodday/fd0397/art/bdyeast.gif
http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/images/plants/fngcone1.jpg
http://www.swedishmedical.org/pert/images/thrush.jpg
http://bestaffiliateatm.com/WordPressBlog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/fungus-feet-athletes-foot-300x194.jpg
http://www.accesskent.com/Health/HealthDepartment/CD_Epid/images/Ring_Worm_Face.jpg
http://users.wfu.edu/suny5/imagespenicillin.jpeg
http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/media/penicil.jpg