Name __________________________
Unit Four:
Reproduction
Note Packet
Unislawski - Living Environment
[CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION]
Introduction to Biology
Scientific Inquiry Note/Study Packet
What is in this pile of papers????
1. DIN Sign off Sheet: This must be brought to EVERY class. I will sign/stamp it at the start of
class IF AND ONLY IF
- It is out when I come to your seat
- You are working on the DIN
I will only come once; no second trips
**** A completed sheet, handed in the day of the INDVIDUALTEST will count as a 100 test
Grade for the unit ***
2. Cell Reproduction Vocabulary Practice Sheet & Experimental Design and Procedure
Vocabulary Sheet, along with a glossary for each. You will have a vocabulary quiz on each
sheet
Cell Reproduction Vocabulary Quiz Date: _________________
3. Blank Flash Cards: These or another WRITTEN STUDY TOOL must be completed as part of
your quiz grade!
4. Last, but not least, unit notes
The Test Dates for this Unit:
Open Notes Test: _______________
Closed Notes Test: _______________
(Note Pack To Be Returned on Day of
Individual Test For a Test Grade)
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Introduction to Biology
Mitosis
New York State Education Department Living Environment Core Curriculum Performance Indicators: 1.1.1c, 1.2.1,
1.2.2a, 1.2.3, 1.2.4, 1.3.1a, 1.3.3, 4.1.2c, 4.1.2g, 4.1.2j, 4.2.1d, 4.2.1k, 4.4.1b, 4.4.1d, 4.5.2a, 4.5.2i, 4.5.2j
Upon completion of this unit the student will:
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recognize that the process of mitosis occurs in non-sex cells.
recognize that the process of mitosis produces only one replication and division which
produces the same numbers and kinds of chromosomes as in the parent cell.
list the major phases and describe the major events in each phase during the process of cell
division and mitosis in a typical animal cell.
explain the difference between a chromatid, centromere, and a spindle fiber.
list two ways the process of mitosis differs between plant and animal cells.
list three significant results of mitosis.
define the term cancer.
explain the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
correctly define what is meant by the following methods of asexual reproduction and list
examples of each; binary fission, budding, sporulation, regeneration, and vegetative
propagation.
recognize that asexual reproduction is a form of mitosis and that individuals produced during
asexual reproduction are genetically identical to their parent. .
Feed the Need to Read and Succeed
The following pages reinforce this section of the information: Pages 244 - 252
1. One of the key features that separates life from non-life is:
2. Do all cells have the ability to reproduce?
3. How do unicellular organisms reproduce?
4. What is cell division needed for in multicellular organisms?
a.
b.
c.
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5. Define asexual reproduction –
a. The offspring produced are __________________________.
b. What are the four benefits of reproducing asexually?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
c. Who can reproduce asexually?
6. Define sexual reproduction –
a. What is the benefit of sexual reproduction?
b. Who can reproduce sexually?
7. Define genome –
8. DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into _________________________.
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Chromosomes
9. What is the purpose of chromosomes?
a. Every cell must ____________________________________ before cell division.
b. Each new daughter cell gets _____________________________________________.
c. Cells of every organism have ____________________________________________.
10. Prokaryotic cells lack _________________.
a. Where is their DNA?
b. What form does their chromosome take?
c. Draw a picture of a prokaryotic cell with chromosome below:
11. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are located in the _________________ and are made of
___________________.
12. What is chromatin made of?
13. What are nucleosomes?
14. What are chromosomes made of?
15. What must happen to prepare for cell division?
a. Each duplicated chromosome forms ___________________________________.
b. What is the centromere?
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Phases of the Cell Cycle
16. The cell cycle consists of:
a. The Mitotic (M) Phase –
b. Interphase –
List the three parts of interphase:
i.
ii.
iii.
17. Label this diagram:
18. What happens in the G1 phase?
19. What happens in the S phase?
20. What happens in the G2 phase?
21. Describe the two phases of cell division in eukaryotes:
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a. Mitosis –
b. Cytokinesis –
22. Define each of these important structures in mitosis:
a. Chromatid –
b. Centromere –
c. Centrioles –
d. Spindle –
Please draw and describe the Interphase stage of the cell cycle. Make sure to label all structures
designated by the instructor
REMEMBER; INTERPHASE IS NOT CONSIDERED PART OF MITOSIS
Stage of Mitosis
What Happens?
What Does it Look Like?
Interphase
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Stage of Mitosis
Introduction to Biology
What Happens?
What Does it Look Like?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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23. What is cytokinesis?
24. Describe how cytokinesis occurs in animal cells:
25. Why does the process have to be different in plant cells?
26. What forms instead in plant cells?
Binary Fission
27. Prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division called _________________________.
28. What happens during binary fission?
29. The events of the cell cycle are controlled by a _____________________________________.
30. The control system has specific _________________________ where the cell cycle
_______________ until a ______________________ is received.
31. Name the three cell cycle checkpoints:
a.
b.
c.
32. Which checkpoint is the most important?
a. What happens if the cell receives a go-ahead signal at this checkpoint?
b. What happens if the cell does not receive a go-ahead signal?
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33. Describe the two examples of cell growth control:
a. Density-dependent inhibition:
b. Anchorage dependence:
34. What goes wrong with cancer cells?
35. What are tumors?
a. What makes a tumor benign?
b. What makes a tumor malignant?
36. Define somatic cells –
37. Define gametes –
38. Each human somatic cell has __________ of chromosomes, __________________ total.
39. Two paired chromosomes are called ______________________________.
40. What does each homologous chromosome carry?
41. Label the diagram below.
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42. What is this called?
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Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
New York State Education Department Living Environment Core Curriculum Performance Indicators: 1.1.1b, 1.3.1a, 1.3.3,
4.2.1c, 4.2.1e, 4.3.1c, 4.4.1b-d
Upon completion of this unit the student will:
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define the term gametogenesis.
recognize that chromosomes exist in pairs in body cells.
recognize that each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
define the following terms correctly; homologous chromosomes, diploid number, haploid
(monoploid) number, gametes, and gonads.
explain how the chromosome numbers are halved in cells produced by meiosis.
recognize that meiosis only occurs in animals in the production of sex cells (egg and sperm).
explain how the diploid number of a species is maintained through the processes of meiosis
and fertilization.
describe the first meiotic division and explain the following terms; tetrad, synapsis, and
crossing over.
describe the second meiotic division.
explain why cells formed as the result of meiosis show variation from each other and their
parent cell.
correctly define the terms disjunction and nondisjunction.
explain how nondisjunction may result in Down's Syndrome or polyploidy.
compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Feed the Need to Read and Succeed
The following text pages reinforce this section of the information: Pages 275 - 278
43. The sex chromosomes are called __________ and __________.
44. Human females have: _________________________________.
45. Human males have: __________________________________.
46. What are autosomes?
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47. Define gene –
a. A gene is made of a segment of ______________.
b. Each gene is located on a ___________________________.
c. Everyone has _______ copies of each gene. How?
48. What does diploid mean?
a. The shorthand for diploid is:
b. All __________________ cells are diploid.
49. What does haploid mean?
a. The shorthand for haploid is:
b. All __________ are haploid and have _______________ total chromosomes.
50. Gametes are ____________ cells, containing only _________________________________.
a. How many total chromosomes is this?
b. This includes _____________________ and a ______________________________.
c. In a female egg, the sex chromosome is always ____________.
d. In a male sperm, the sex chromosome may be __________________.
51. The ovaries and testes produce eggs and sperm through __________________.
a. Gametes are the _____________________________________________________.
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52. Define meiosis:
a. The resulting daughter cells are __________________.
53. What happens during fertilization?
Stages of Meiosis
54. Describe the cell at the end of interphase:
a. Is the cell diploid or haploid at this point?
i. The nucleus contains _________________ of chromosomes.
ii. Each chromosome is made of ________________________________.
55. Fill in this table for the different stages of meiosis:
Stage of Mitosis
What Happens?
What Does it Look Like?
Prophase I
Crossing-over
(part of prophase
I)
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Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I and
Cytokinesis
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Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and
Cytokinesis
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56. What does mitosis produce?
57. What does meiosis produce?
58. Meiosis allows _______________________ of chromosomes.
a. This produces cells that are ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
59. What causes most of the variation that occurs in each generation?
60. What three events are unique to MEIOSOIS? (describe each)
a.
b.
c.
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61.
Introduction to Biology
Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
DNA Replication
Divisions
Number of Daughter Cells
Location
Formation of Tetrad &
Crossing Over
Genetic Composition of
Daughter Cells
Function
62. What three mechanisms are responsible for most genetic variations?
.a.
b.
c.
63. Describe Independent Assortment
64. Describe Crossing Over and how it impacts genetic variation
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65. Describe Random Fertilization
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Cell Division and Reproduction Vocabulary
1. Anaphase - stage of mitosis when chromosomes pull apart (“A” is for apart)
2. Apoptosis - cell suicide; programmed cell death
3. Asexual Reproduction - the creation of offspring from one parent
4. Cancer - uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
5. Cell Cycle - the repeating events of a cell growing and dividing
6. Cell Division - when a parent cell splits into two new daughter cells
7. Centromere - the middle part of a double stranded chromosome; holds chromatids
together
8. Chromatid - an arm of a double stranded chromosome
9. Chromatin - tangled mass of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell during prophase
10. Crossing Over - process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions during
meiosis
11. Chromosome - structure that is made of DNA and controls traits; usually shown as an “X”
12. Cytokinesis - splitting of the cell cytoplasm and organelles other than the nucleus
13. Daughter Cell - a cell formed from the process of cell division
14. Diploid - chromosomes are in pairs (one from mom and one from dad); like shoes
15. Embryo - developing baby
16. Fertilization - union of the gametes
17. Gamete - sex cell (egg or sperm)
18. Haploid - half the normal number of chromosomes (not paired)
19. Interphase - “resting” portion of cell cycle
20. Metaphase - stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are line up in the middle of the cell
(“M” is for middle)
21. Meiosis - type of cell division that creates gametes: chromosome number is cut in half:
happens IN the TESTES and OVARIES ONLY
22. Mitosis - type of division that creates body cells; daughter cells are identical to the
parent cells
23. Offspring - children
24. Prophase - First phase of mitosis; DNA is in chromosome form
25. Telophase - The last phase of mitosis: “T” is for two nuclei
26. Zygote - fertilized egg cell
27. Sexual Reproduction – the creation of offspring from 2 parents
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Flash Cards
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Flash Cards
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Flash Cards
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