Martin Hawksey
Teaching & Learning Technology Adviser www.reap.ac.uk
martin.hawksey@strath.ac.uk
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Defining assessment and feedback
• Outline the REAP Project and its philosophy towards a ‘principled’ approach to course redesign
• Some examples of REAP pilots
• Questions and discussion
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Assessment – the narrow meaning is exam for external accreditation
• Feedback – the narrow sense is what the tutor writes about/on a finished piece of student work
• In REAP we are are also interested in:
• Self-assessment and reflection - a form of internally generated feedback
• Peer dialogue as feedback and peer assessment
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Tutor
• Peers
• External (e.g. placement supervisor)
• Computer generated
• Self
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Why take formative assessment and feedback seriously?
• Assessment is a key driver of student learning
• Assessment is a major cost in HE (staff time)
• Widely reported that students don’t read the feedback
• Dropout/retention – linked to academic experience
• First year experience – students need regular and structured feedback opportunities.
• National student survey (NSS) – students are dissatisfied with feedback.
• QAA reports – main area of criticism in England
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Nationally only 55% of students think feedback is prompt and had helped to clarify things they did not understand [Scotland: 48% ]
• Nationally only 63% of students agree that have received detailed comments on their work [Scotland: 49% ]
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Formative assessment and feedback by others can only have an impact on learning when it influences a student’s own self-regulatory processes (adapted from Boud, 1995)
• Students are already self-assessing and generating feedback so we should build on this capacity (Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick, 2004)
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• 3 HEIs (Strathclyde, Glasgow Caledonian Business School,
Glasgow University)
• Targeting large 1 st year classes
• Multi-disciplinary as well as faculty-wide (19 pilots, ~6000 students)
• Range of technologies: online tests, simulations, discussion boards, e-voting, e-portfolios, peer/feedback software, admin systems,
VLEs, offline-online
• Goals: Learning quality and teaching efficiencies
• Outputs: case studies of redesign: advice to support strategic change in institutions (transformation).
• A ‘principled’ approach to designing and embedding assessment practices
• Underlying pedagogy: assessment for learner self-regulation
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

1.
Clarify what good performance is (goals, criteria, standards).
2.
Facilitate reflection and self-assessment in learning
3.
Deliver high quality feedback to students: feedback that enables students to monitor and self-correct
4.
Encourage peer and tutor dialogue around learning
5.
Encourage positive motivational beliefs & self esteem through assessment
6.
Provide opportunities to close the feedback loop
7.
Use feedback information to shape teaching
Source: Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick (2006)
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Q: Do students actively engage with assessment criteria and standards?
• Documents with printed criteria/ published online
• Tutor explains/discusses criteria with students
• Frequently asked questions database (FAQs)
• Exemplars of performance with feedback (e.g. essays - - made available online)
• Students discuss good and bad examples of assignments and identify criteria
• Students rephrase criteria in own words
• Students generate their own criteria for a task
• Students construct own MCQs and post online
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Q: Are there formal/informal opportunities for self and peer assessment processes?
• Online quizzes (e.g. MCQs/short answers) with feedback (self monitoring)
• Self-assessment at submission (strengths/weaknesses)
• Open book use of online MCQs
• Peer processes where students judge work of others against standards and give each other feedback
• Simulations – dynamic feedback shows effects of actions
• PDP involving ongoing reflection on learning (e-portfolios)
• Confidence ratings with MCQs increases reflection
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Q: What kind of feedback is provided - does it help students to self-assess, self-correct?
• Link feedback to pre-defined criteria (comment databanks)
• Provide feedback soon after submission (clarify expectations)
• Point to resources where answers can be found (hyperlinks)
• Have students request feedback
• Reader-response theory and feedback
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Q: Are there opportunities for dialogue around assessment tasks?
• Break out discussions in tutorial to discuss written feedback and plan strategies for improvement
• Students give descriptive feedback to peers before submission
• Electronic voting technology – three levels of feedback
(computer, peer and teacher)
• Unique weekly assessed tutorial sheets
• Online discussion as peer feedback (psychology example)
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Q: Does feedback focus students on learning not just on their marks?
• Online objective tests (repeatable, private, comparisons with own learning goals)
• Using authentic ‘real life’ tasks that require the kinds of thinking and skills required in employment
• Structured milestones with early low stakes tasks and feedback
• Focus on learning goals not just performance goals (e.g. rewarding effort and improvement)
• Two-stage assignments (drafts-feedback-marks)
• Supporting formation of learning communities around tasks
(discussion boards)
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Q: Is feedback attended to and acted upon by students?
• Increase opportunities for resubmission
• Two-stage assignments (drafts-feedback-marks)
• Action points as feedback strategy
• Personal development planning – students keep records of work at different stages
• Initiate online peer review processes as available to academics when writing journal articles
• Not releasing the grade until students have commented on the feedback provided.
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Q: How is feedback used to inform and shape teaching?
• Student requested feedback (questions worth asking)
• Electronic voting systems
• Just-in time-teaching using MCQs
• Monitoring online discussions
• Monitoring project work within shared workspaces
• Blackboard/WebCT have some built in reporting functionality about student activity
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

Super-principle 1: developing learner self-regulation
(empowerment) i.e steers to encourage ownership of learning – the seven principles discussed above.
Super-principle 2: time on task and effort (engagement) i.e. steers on how much work to do and when –
Gibbs and Simpson 4 conditions
Case examples from REAP – applying these principles/conditions
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Department of Hospitality & Tourism
Management
• Students: 200
• Technology: Podcasts, electronic voting system
• Assessment Activities: Regular podcast releases support changes to lectures to include interactive discussion using EVS.
• Efficiencies: 50% reduction in lectures (however, lectures delivered twice to smaller groups).
Licensing and development costs associated with podcasts (c. £1k per 30 minutes podcast)
• Learning Gains: Significant gain in overall exam mark in 2006/07 diet (+12.2%) compared with
2005/06.
Significant reduction (-25%) in students receiving nonqualification. university of strathclyde psychology foundation pharmacy mechanical engineering pharmacy practice 3 modern languages hospitality & tourism management marketing educational & professional studies childhood & primary studies management development programme glasgow caledonian university consumer buyer behaviour economics, markets
& enterprise marketing fundamentals managerial finance strategic management university of glasgow computing science 1 st year programming institute of biomedical & life sciences computing science accelerator course
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Department of Mechanical Engineering
• Students: 250
• Technology: Commercial online homework packages, electronic voting system (EVS)
• Assessment Activities: Weekly tests provide ondemand feedback on student performance for both students and tutors. Just-in-time teaching supported by interactive classes using EVS.
• Efficiencies: 60% reduction in assessment workload saving 102 staff hours. License cost of commercial packages £12.95 and £7 per student per annum.
• Learning Gains: Results from 2006/7 diet indicate strong class attainment maintained (90% pass rate,
65% average)
"I think it’s managed to save a lot of time for ourselves and the tutors and given them more time to develop what they are going to talk about and give more time for them to speak to people individually if they need it." Student comment university of strathclyde psychology foundation pharmacy mechanical engineering pharmacy practice 3 modern languages hospitality & tourism management marketing educational & professional studies childhood & primary studies management development programme glasgow caledonian university consumer buyer behaviour economics, markets
& enterprise marketing fundamentals managerial finance strategic management university of glasgow computing science 1 st year programming institute of biomedical & life sciences computing science accelerator course
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Department of Psychology
• Students: 560
• Technology: Online collaborative group tasks supported by VLE message-board
•
Assessment Activities: Regular collaborative tasks support peer feedback processes and student engagement.
• Efficiencies: 50% of lectures replaced with online tasks. Staff time re-directed to support online tasks.
• Learning Gains: Significant overall improvement in average exam pass mark
(51.1% in 2005/06 diet rising to 57.4% in
2006/07).
Exam failure rate reduced from 13% to 5%.
Course failure rate reduced from 12.1% to
2.8%. university of strathclyde psychology foundation pharmacy mechanical engineering pharmacy practice 3 modern languages hospitality & tourism management marketing educational & professional studies childhood & primary studies management development programme glasgow caledonian university consumer buyer behaviour economics, markets
& enterprise marketing fundamentals managerial finance strategic management university of glasgow computing science 1 st year programming institute of biomedical & life sciences computing science accelerator course
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Department of Modern Languages
• Students: 200
• Technology: Online homework and tests supported by VLE, electronic voting system (EVS)
• Assessment Activities: Diagnostic tests of student knowledge at start of year to inform teaching.
Formative feedback from regular online testing and EVS classroom use.
• Efficiencies: Effective delivery of course made possible despite significant cuts in funding and staffing.
Tutorials reduced by 50% and replaced with online tasks.
Listening classes reduced from 360 to 160 hours. Saving of
200 staff hours.
• Learning Gains: Failure rate in final exam reduced from 24% to 4.6% compared with 2005/06 diet.
"Having almost immediate feedback on marks was very useful as I was aware at every point as to how well I was coping"
Student comment university of strathclyde psychology foundation pharmacy mechanical engineering pharmacy practice 3 modern languages hospitality & tourism management marketing educational & professional studies childhood & primary studies management development programme glasgow caledonian university consumer buyer behaviour economics, markets
& enterprise marketing fundamentals managerial finance strategic management university of glasgow computing science 1 st year programming institute of biomedical & life sciences computing science accelerator course
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• School of Pharmacy - Pharmacy Practice 3
• Students: 240
• Technology: Online simulation tutorial
• Assessment Activities: Regular online tasks to improve student engagement, multiple opportunities for self-testing and regular feedback.
• Efficiencies: Savings in staff time due to reduced need for remedial revision work with individual students.
• Learning Gains: Significant gain in overall exam mark in 2006/07 (+16%) compared to 2005/06 diet.
“The tutorial was an excellent resource and learning tool to supplement our class”
Simulated exactly what it would be like to carry out a check on a prescription, allowing us to experience the difficulties involved and discover where we needed improvement” Student comments university of strathclyde psychology foundation pharmacy mechanical engineering pharmacy practice 3 modern languages hospitality & tourism management marketing educational & professional studies childhood & primary studies management development programme glasgow caledonian university consumer buyer behaviour economics, markets
& enterprise marketing fundamentals managerial finance strategic management university of glasgow computing science 1 st year programming institute of biomedical & life sciences computing science accelerator course
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• REAP will continue to be a source of advice on assessment for the HE and FE sectors
• the working models are already being applied in other institutions at local and strategic levels
• and the findings, archived at www.reap.ac.uk
, are being disseminated worldwide
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

September 2007
JISC CETIS Assessment SIG

• Nicol, D (in press) , Laying the foundation for lifelong learning: cases studies of technology supported assessment processes in large first year classes, British Journal of Educational
Technology (to be published July 2007).
• Nicol, D (2007) E-assessment by design: using multiple-choice tests to good effect, Journal of
Further and Higher Education .
• Nicol, D. & Milligan, C. (2006) , Rethinking technology-supported assessment in relation to the seven principles of good feedback practice. In C. Bryan and K. Clegg, Innovations in Assessment,
Routledge.
• Nicol, D (2006), Increasing success in first year courses: assessment redesign, self-regulation and learning technologies, Paper prepared for ASCILITE conference, Sydney, Australia, Dec 3-6.
• Nicol, D, J. & Macfarlane-Dick (2006), Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: A model and seven principles of good feedback practice, Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199-
218.
• Nicol, D & Boyle, J. (2003), Peer Instruction versus Class-wide discussion in large classes.
Studies in Higher Education , 28(4), 457-473
• Boyle, J.T. and Nicol, D. J. (2003).
Using classroom communication systems to support interaction and discussion in large class settings, Association for Learning Technology Journal ,
11(3), 43-57
September 2007 JISC CETIS Assessment SIG