CELLULAR RESPIRATION
YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
*Controlled
process that releases
ENERGY (in the bonds)
of food in the presence of
oxygen.
*Main source of
Energy- carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose
ATP – main source of
energy
WHAT ORGANISMS USE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Humans
• Bacteria
• Protists
• Plants!!!
• Fungi
• Remember photosynthesis makes glucose- not energy!
Plants need energy to carry out all their wonderful plant
functions.
CHEMICAL ENERGY IN
FOOD
• The amount of energy in each type of food varies.
• Measured in calories- the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
• Calories on food labels- measured in kilocalories (1000 calories)
• Generally 1 gram of carbohydrate or protein provides 4
Calories/gram; whereas 1 gram of fat (lipids) provides 9
Calories/gram
• Also get vitamins and minerals from the food we eat
Chemical Equation
Glucose + oxygen ------ carbon dioxide + water + ATP
(energy)
HOW WE GET THE INGREDIENTS
FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Simple Diffusion –
• higher to lower
concentration
Oxygen carried to all cells
-enters into cell and travels to the
mitochondria (organelle converts glucose
and oxygen to energy)
FOOD DIGESTION
• Food ingested – digested to smaller molecules that can move
into the red blood cells to be carried to cells
GETTING THE GLUCOSE
• GLUCOSE ENTERS THE CELL THROUGH Active Transport –
insulin produced in the pancreas required as a signal molecule
to let the glucose in. What happens when glucose builds up in
the blood plasma?
ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Made up of adenine, ribose sugar, and
three phosphates
• the high energy bond is between the
phosphate groups between
CREATING ATP
ATP Charged
ADP Uncharged
THREE STEPS OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1)Glycolysis –
2)THE Kreb Cycle3)Electron Transport
Chain and ATP Synthesis
GLYCOLYSIS
• Means sugar-breaking
• Many steps that convert Glucose (6-carbon compound) into 2
molecules of pyruvic acid (3 – carbon compound)
• Happens in the CYTOPLASM of the cell.
• No Oxygen Required
KREB CYCLE
• HAPPENS IN THE MATRIX OF THE
MITOCHONDRIA (POWERHOUSE OF
THE CELL)
• INPUT: PYRUVIC ACID FROM
GLYCOLYSIS
• OUTPUT: CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH2
From Glycolysis
INPUT: pyruvic
acid
OUTPUT:
CARBON
DIOXIDE,
NADH, FADH2
(electron
carriers) and
ATP
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Organisms still need energy when
oxygen is not available
• Occurs when oxygen is not available
• Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation
EQUATIONS
• Alcoholic Fermentation
*Lactic Acid Fermentation
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
• Biological process which converts sugars such as glucose,
fructose and sucrose into cellular energy, produces ethanol
and CO2.
.Yeast – (example – bread dough- once the oxygen molecules
are used up the yeast begins to use pyruvic acid and produces
alcohol and CO2
*generates NAD+ (electron carrier) so ATP can
continue to be made
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
• Lactic acid fermentation does not give off carbon dioxide, but
does make NAD+ (electron carrier) so ATP can continue to be
made.
• Examples of organisms going through lactic acid fermentation
certain bacteria that can produce yogurt, sour cream,
buttermilk, kimchi,
*Humans also use lactic acid fermentation for quick
bursts of energy.