Week 10
PSY 219 –
Academic Writing
in Psychology
2015-2016 Fall
Çağ University
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
Department of Psychology
Inst. Nilay Avcı
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review is helpful as it lets the researchers
 gather the ideas of others who are interested in a
particular research question
 read about the results of other similar or related studies

Thus, researchers will be able to
 locate other work dealing with their intended area of
study
 evaluate this work in terms of its relevance to the
research question of interest
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STEPS IN A LITERATURE REVIEW

Decide on a topic; identify key words

Look through sources using your key words

Skim the articles to get a general idea of the purpose and
content of the article

Group the articles into categories
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
Take notes while reading

Define key terms (note the differences in the definitions
of the key terms)

Select useful quotations you might include in your review
(note author name, volume no., page no. etc.)

Note (and critique) the research methodologies, findings
and conclusions in the studies

Identify relationships among the studies

Make sure all the points you have noted are relevant to
your topic
Keep in mind: you should stop somewhere!!
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
Write the literature review

Develop critical skills. Simple summary is not enough for
literature review. It is NOT series of annotations. This
does NOT mean to criticize the work of others; ask
questions about the significance of the work and make
connections between the other readings you have done

Indicate why certain studies are important

Cite all the studies appropriately

Use your review of the literature as a means of showing
why your research questions are important.
PS. Only surnames of the authors are used!!
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APA PAPER FORMAT
.
.
There are many things that have to be formatted correctly
for an APA paper. Here are some of the rules for the
basic format of each page of your paper:

Use 8 ½” x 11” paper. Type your paper in Microsoft Word (MS
Word) or a similar program, and print your paper one sided.
[APA manual 5.01, p. 284]

Use 12-point font. [APA manual 5.02, p. 285]

Use a typeface like Times New Roman or Courier New. [APA
manual 5.02, p. 285]
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 Double-space the entire paper.This means that the computer
will skip every other line, which makes it easier for your
teacher to read and write in comments. [APA manual 5.03, p. 286]
 Use 1” margins on all sides (top, bottom, left and right). [APA
manual 5.04, p. 286]
 Number all pages in your paper (including title page),
beginning with 1, in the upper right-hand corner. [APA manual
5.06, p. 288]
 Insert a header with the first two or three words of your paper
title. Align it right. This will show up at the top right-hand side
of every page. [APA manual 5.06, p. 288]
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 Headings name the sections of your paper. You will probably
use a heading for the title of your paper, the abstract if you
have one, and the reference page. Headings should be
centered, and the first letter of each major word (not
prepositions or articles, such as the, a, by, for) and the first
letter of the first word (including prepositions or articles)
should be capitalized. If there is a colon (:), capitalize the first
letter of the word following it, even if it is not a major word.
[APA manual 3.29-3.32, p.111-115; and 5.10, p. 289-290]
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The order of the sections of your paper should be as
follows: [APA manual 5.05, p. 287]

Title page (numbered page 1)

The body of your paper (starting with page 2)

References (starts on a new page after the end of the body of
your paper
Here is an example of what your APA paper should look like:
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In-Text Citations: Format
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One Work by One Author

Include author’s last name followed by a comma, then the
year of publication. If you are directly quoting an author,
also include the page or paragraph number. Ending
punctuation goes outside the parentheses.
The study aimed to measure the participants' preferences in
different types of music based on their age (Baker, 2008).

If you mention the author’s name in your sentence, then put
the publication year immediately following the name.
Baker (2008) measured correlations between age and music
genre preference.
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One Work by Two Authors

Include both authors' last names and the article's date of
publication in parenthesis. Separate the authors' last
names with an "&" rather than ‘and.’ Follow the same rules
as with one author.

When citing more than two authors a second time, use the
first author’s surname followed by ‘et al.’ (which means ‘and
others’).
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Children have been shown to imitate the aggressive
behaviors of adults as young as two years of age (Bandura,
Ross & Ross, 1961).
A classic study by Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) showed
strong evidence that children as young as two imitate the
observed aggressive behavior of adults.
Mean aggression scores for children exposed to aggressive
adult models were significantly greater than those of children
in non-aggressive or control conditions (Bandura et al., 1961).
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One Work by Six or More Authors

From the get-go, cite only the last name of the first author,
followed by ‘et al.’
Nokes et al. (2012) found that nurses who used self-efficacy
interventions for HIV patients showed a slight increase in
patient adherence to retroviral treatment, though these effects
were impacted by patient depression and lack of social
capital.
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Groups as Authors

When citing an organization as an author, spell out the
organization the first time they are cited and list the
abbreviation in the parenthetical citation.
A study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH,
2003) found that...

Use the abbreviation when cited again.
NIMH (2003) reported that…
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No Author Specified/Anonymous Works
and Legal Documents

For works with no listed author, or for legal documents, cite
in text the first few words of the title. Use double quotation
marks inside the parentheses for articles, webpages, or
chapter titles; italicize titles of periodicals, books, brochures,
or reports.
… total dollar amount (“A Systematic Review,” 2006)
In the book Penny For Your Thoughts (1995)...

When an author is specifically listed as “Anonymous,” use that
as the citation name.
(Anonymous, 2001).
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More Than One Work in the Same
Parentheses

Order citations of two or more works within the same
parentheses alphabetically, including citations that would
otherwise shorten to “et al.” Separate works by a semicolon.
Arrange two or more works by the same author(s) by date of
publication.
(Ellsworth, 2002; Rylie, Short, Morgan & Christoff, 1996; Wang,
Peterson & Morphey, 2002; Wang et al., 2007).
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
When citing more than one work by the same first author,
add a suffix of a, b, c, etc. according to the order of works
in the reference list.
Several studies (Rylie, 2002a; Rylie 2002b; Melsworth & Rylie,
2003a, Mellsworth & Rylie, 2003b) suggest...

When citing an edited work, you should mention only the
name of the author, not the editor.
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In-Text Citations:
Direct Quotes vs. Paraphrasing
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
When using direct quotes, always list in parentheses the
authors’ last names, year of the article’s publication, and
page number in this format:
(Purcell, 1997, pp.111-112).
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Direct quotes less than 40 words

Put quotation marks around the quoted material, and
incorporate the quote into your sentence. Try not to quote an
entire sentence, as it makes the writing very choppy and
usually comes off as lazy.

If the quote is in the middle of your own sentence, end the
quoted passage with quotation marks and put the
parenthetical citation immediately after the passage, followed
by any necessary punctuation. Then continue with the
sentence as it would be normally.
Since the quote is in “the middle of this sentence” (Zhou et. al,
2013, p. 10), I would format the sentence this way.
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
If the quote comes at the end of the sentence, put the end
quotation marks after the final word, insert the parenthetical
citation, and end with the period (or exclamation/question
mark, if you’re getting fancy).
Since the quote is at the end of this sentence, I would “format
the quote this way” (Smith, 1992, pp. 10-12).

Short quotations (<40 words) should be placed in quotation
marks within the body of the text, and end with the page
number.
Hutton et al. (1998) specifically stated that “this effect should
not occur with unmedicatedpatients” (p. 12).
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Direct quotes more than 40 words
Long quotations (>40 words) should be blocked (set apart
from the text) and indented (the left margin of the block should
be set in from the left margin by the same spacing as the first line
of a new paragraph). No quotation marks are used.
Richardson (1969) famously described imagery as:
The common and relatively familiar imagery of everyday
life. It may accompany the recall of events from the past,
the ongoing thought processes of the present or the
anticipatory actions and events of the future. (p. 43)
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
Place the quote in a freestanding block of text on a new
line, indented ½ inch from the left margin. If there are
subsequent paragraphs in your block quote, indent them
another ½ inch from the first indent. Place the parenthetical
citation at the end of the block, after the end punctuation.
Double-space all of the quote.
Since my block quote had 40 words that you can’t see here,
I’m going to end the quote this way. (Loving, 2000, pp. 111
115)
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If you mentioned the author’s name in the
sentence with the quote

Only put the page number in parentheses if you already
mentioned the author’s name; always put the year
immediately following an author’s name when you refer to
them in-text.
Since I’m mentioning Shields (2003) said “something related
to psychology,” I only need to put the page number at the end
of this sentence (p. 24).
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Directly quoting online material

In your parenthetical citation, give the author, year, and
page numbers if possible. If there is no pagination, refer
to the paragraph a quote was taken from. Use the
abbreviation “para”.
Since I got this from a blog with no page numbers, “I’m going
to cite using the paragraph number” (Doling, 2005, para. 4).
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Citing a secondary source

If you have not read the primary source, but just read about
it in another work, you must cite both.
This has also been found in schizophrenic patients (Ray,
Charles& Foxton, 1999, as cited in Hall & Field, 2001).

Include only the secondary source in the reference list!!!

Citing papers as primary sources, when you have not
actually read them is a very bad thing!
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Other notes for quoting directly

If there is incorrect spelling or grammar in your quotes, put “[sic]”
immediately after the error, as to not confuse readers. [6.06]

You may change the first letter in a quotation to be upper or
lower-case in order to fit the syntax of your sentence. You may
also change the punctuation mark at the end of a sentence to fit
syntax. All other changes, including italicizing or omitting words,
must be indicated. [6.07]

Don’t omit other authors’ in-text citations when quoting them.
However, you don’t need to have the included citation in your
reference list, unless you directly cite them yourself. Note that
this only applied to direct quotes, not paraphrasing. [6.09]
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Reference List:
Ordering Guidelines
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Alphabetization Rules

Alphabetize by the author’s last name, followed by the
first and middle initial.
e.g. Carter, T. S. precedes Carters, A. K.
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Order of Several Works by One Author

Give the author’s name in the first and following entries.

Single-author entries by the same author are ordered by
year of publication.
Bargh, J. D. (1996).
Bargh, J. D. (2003).

Single-author entries come before multiple-author entries
beginning with the same last name, regardless of
publication year.
Cooke, R. D. (1995).
Cooke, R. D., Feders, G. K. & Tolman, E. M. (1984).
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Reference List: Formatting Guidelines

References should contain the author(s') name(s),
publication date, title, and publication information. For each
cited work, list the authors in the order they are presented
on the manuscript. The order of author names signifies
what type of contribution they made to the work, and should
not be alphabetized.

Double-space references just as you do for the rest of the
text.
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
If the reference is from an online source, include the DOI. This
is a unique alphanumeric code assigned to online content,
providing a permanent link to the information should the
source url change. When a DOI is listed in your references,
do not give any other retrieval information. The DOI should
formatted like this: doi: xxxxxxx

If no DOI has been assigned to the content, then provide the
home page URL of the journal, book, or report
author/publisher. Do not add any punctuation to the URL,
such as a period at the end or a hyphen across line breaks.
You do not need to include database information, or retrieval
date information unless the content material has changed
over time.
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Books (not anthologies):
one author
Robinson, D. N. (1992). Social discourse and moral
judgment. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
two authors
Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing brain-compatible
learning (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
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three authors and above
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006).
Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.).
South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.
electronic with NO DOI
Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age
of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary Reader version].
Retrieved from Ebrary database.
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electronic with DOI
Larochelle, M., Bednarz, N., & Garrison, J. (2010).
Constructivism and Education. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511752865
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Edited Book or Anthology
Ruiz, V. L., & Sánchez Korrol, V. (Eds.). (2006). Latinas in
the United States: A historical encyclopedia. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.
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Book or report by a corporate/group author
World Health Organization (2008). WHO global report on
falls prevention in older age. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
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Chapter of a book by multiple authors
Beaudin, S. A., Gendle, M. H. & Strupp, B. J. (2012).
Gender influences on the cognitive and emotional effects of
prenatal cocaine exposure: Insights from an animal model.
In Lewis, Michael and Kestler, Lisa (Eds.), Gender
differences in prenatal substance exposure: A decade of
behavior (pp. 77-96). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
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Journal Article, printed
Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement: Improving
participation in safety. Professional Safety, 53(12), 40-45.
Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2007).
Approaching the transition to adulthood: Distinctive profiles
of adolescents aging out of the child welfare system. Social
Services Review, 81, 453- 484.
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Journal article, online version

(With DOI)
Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2007). Inside management
teams: Developing a teamwork survey instrument. British
Journal of Management, 18, 138- 153. doi:10.1111/j.14678551.2006.00507.x

(Without DOI)
Senior, B. (1997). Team roles and team performance: Is
there really a link? Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology, 70, 241-258. Retrieved from
http://bpsjournals.co.uk/journals/joop
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Printed Newspaper Article
Smith, P. (2001, August 3). New drug appears to sharply cut
risk of death from heart failure. The Washington Post, p.
A12.
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Online Newspaper Article
McHugh, P. (2005, March 17). Feeling down? It might help
if you just take it outside. San Francisco Chronicle.
Retrieved from http://sfgate.com
Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy
metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete
Aronui, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka
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Government Report
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training
in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 901679). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
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Thesis/Dissertations
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance
teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's
thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Webpages
Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile
2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz.
University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary.
Retrieved July 19, 2009, from
http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.
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TABLES AND APPENDICES
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Appendices: When appendices might be
necessary

Appendices allow you to include detailed information in
your paper that would be distracting in the main body of
the paper. Examples of items you might have in an
appendix include mathematical proofs, lists of words, the
questionnaire used in the research, a detailed description
of an apparatus used in the research, etc.
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
Your paper may have more than one appendix. Usually,
each distinct item has its own appendix.

If your paper only has one appendix, label it Appendix. If
there is more than one appendix, label them Appendix A,
Appendix B, etc. in the order that each item appears in the
paper.

In the main text, you should refer to the Appendices by their
labels.
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When to use tables

Tables enable you to show your data in an easy to read
format. However, you do not need to present all of your
data in tabular form. Tables are only necessary for large
amounts of data that would be too complicated in the text.
If you only need to present a few numbers, you should do
so directly in the text, not in a table.
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How to use tables

Each table should be identified by a number, in the order
that they appear in the text (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, etc.).

When using a table, you need to refer to the table in the
text (e.g., "As shown in Table 1,…") and point out to the
reader what they should be looking for in the table.
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
Do not discuss every piece of data that is in the table or
else there is no point in having the table. Only mention
the most important pieces of information from the table.

Tables should appear at the end of your paper, after the
reference list and before any appendixes. Every table
needs a unique title after its label. The title should be
brief but clearly explain what is in the table.
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Check out the link below for Basics of APA Style Tutorial:
http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm
See APA Documentation Notes, Purdue Owl Sample Writing,
Corrected Sample Papers, and other sample papers !!!
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