COS 211
Hebrew Bible I
Dr. Rodney K. Duke
DAY 2
Assign: (see handout)
1) (Daily) Write in a journal entry (1 page)
2) #4 Narrative as portrait [skip; cover in class]
3) #5 Gen 18-19 (explain; see list of literary features, CP p.26)
4) #6 on Gen 12,20,26 (explain; nature of oral transmission)
Day Objectives:
1) Explain the nature of oral transmission.
2) Control an outline of Israelite history, 12 C's (major periods,
events and characters).
3) Explain the process of successful communication and
identify how one should approach interpreting the Bible.
JOURNAL THOUGHTS & OBSERVATIONS
Thought Tease
What did the scientist/theologian mean when he said,
“I have faith in God, but I do not believe God exists”?
He meant (like the early Church Fathers, and going back
before John Duns Scotus):
1) God had revealed Himself sufficiently for him to entrust
himself to God (“faith”). Therefore, God is real; but,
2) God’s ‘existence’ is NOT the same as our understanding of
being/existence in our natural world. If we equate God’s
being with natural being, we make God a nature god and
practice idolatry. We can only talk about God’s ‘being’ by
using the language of our experience through analogy.
Codex Vaticanus and Codex Siniaticus
Over 5700 Greek manuscripts
Two excellent parchment copies of the entire New Testament which date from the 4th
century (325-450 A.D.).
Old Papyrii (118 texts)
Papyrus copies of portions of the New Testament date from 100 to 200 years (180-225 A.D.)
before Vaticanus and Sinaticus. The outstanding ones are the Chester Beatty Papyrus (P45,
P46, P47) and the Bodmer Papyrus II, XIV, XV (P46, P75).
From these five papyrii manuscripts alone, we can construct all of Luke, John,
Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1
and 2 Thessalonians, Hebrews, and portions of Matthew, Mark, Acts, and
Revelation. Only the Pastoral Epistles (Titus, 1 and 2 Timothy) and the General Epistles
(James, 1 and 2 Peter, and 1, 2, and 3 John) and Philemon are excluded.
[“Are the Biblical Documents Reliable?, Jimmy Williams. www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/bibdocu.html]
[Duke: Some people claim that Diocletian's persecution (303-311) resulted in most
NT manuscripts (mss) being destroyed, which is why Constantine ordered the
production of fifty Bibles; and, they claim that these Bibles were rewritten to
present new Christian teaching/doctrine. Not only is the case of Diocletian
overstated, but the evidence is that the manuscripts PRIOR to Diocletian agree
with the manuscripts that are AFTER Diocletian.]
About Mid-Second Century Copies in a Region Begin to Get
“Standardized” (take on similar characteristics).
Copyists in different regions have different
copying “techniques” that can be identified.
“Families” / text types
Author and Work Author's Lifespan
Matthew,
Gospel
Mark,
Gospel
Luke,
Gospel
John,
Gospel
Paul,
Letters
Josephus,
War
Date of Events
Date of Writing*
Earliest Extant
MS**
Lapse: Event to
Writing
Lapse: Event to
MS
ca. 0-70?
4 BC - AD 30
50 - 65/75
ca. 200
<50 years
<200 years
ca. 15-90?
27 - 30
65/70
ca. 225
<50 years
<200 years
ca. 10-80?
5 BC - AD 30
60/75
ca. 200
<50 years
<200 years
ca. 10-100
27-30
90-110
ca. 130
<80 years
<100 years
ca. 0-65
30
50-65
ca. 200
20-30 years
<200 years
ca. 37-100
200 BC - AD 70
ca. 80
ca. 950
10-300 years
900-1200 years
Josephus,
Antiquities
ca. 37-100
200 BC - AD 65
ca. 95
ca. 1050
30-300 years
1000-1300 years
Tacitus,
Annals
ca. 56-120
AD 14-68
100-120
ca. 850
30-100 years
800-850 years
Seutonius,
Lives
ca. 69-130
50 BC - AD 95
ca. 120
ca. 850
25-170 years
750-900 years
ca. 60-115
97-112
110-112
ca. 850
0-3 years
725-750 years
ca. 50-120
500 BC - AD 70
ca. 100
ca. 950
30-600 years
850-1500 years
Herodotus,
History
ca. 485-425 BC
546-478 BC
430-425 BC
ca. 900
50-125 years
1400-1450 years
Thucydides,
History
ca. 460-400 BC
431-411 BC
410-400 BC
ca. 900
0-30 years
1300-1350 years
Xenophon,
Anabasis
ca. 430-355 BC
401-399 BC
385-375 BC
ca. 1350
15-25 years
1750 years
Polybius,
History
ca. 200-120 BC
220-168 BC
ca. 150 BC
ca. 950
20-70 years
1100-1150 years
Pliny,
Letters
Plutarch,
Lives
“Are the Biblical Documents Reliable?”, Jimmy Williams http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/bib-docu.html
Nature of Oral Transmission of
Tradition
NATURE OF ORAL TRANSISSION OF HISTORICAL
NARRATIVES (Assign. #6)
1. main point retained
2. incidental details dropped
3. tends to shorten
4. follows*stereotypical form
+5. in Mid-east, closing evaluative statements, kept exact
+Wisdom/instructional material, often
memorized word-for-word. Depends on setting.
(Article by Bailey on oral tradition posted Duke: ALPS site)
* ARCHETYPAL PATTERNS
1. Once something has happened in our lives, we tend to find similar
happenings to the first. (We interpret the present by the past.)
2. We have cultural patterns: gunfight at high-noon
3. Later OT and NT events compared events to "archetypes" in OT.
(See Literary Description, Literary Features, CoursePack, p. 26.)
Differences between Oral and Writing Cultures
Oral Culture
•Authority based on
spoken (memorized
words) of teacher/tradent
•Based on communal
knowledge
•Words are dynamic,
visual and dramatic
•Performance oriented
•Fluidity to respond to
audience and situation
•Communal
interpretations
Writing Culture
•Text as authority/orthodox
•Knowledge comes from the
text
•Text as unchanging artifact
•Teaching is static
•Rule oriented
•Individual interpretations
Trust in Oral Transmission over Written
Papias (writing in early 2nd century CE)
“If, then, any one came, who had been a follower of the
elders, I questioned him in regard to the words of the elders
-- what Andrew or what Peter said, or what was said by
Philip, or by Thomas, or by James, or by John, or by
Matthew, or by any other of the disciples of the Lord, and
what things Aristion and the presbyter John, the disciples of
the Lord, say. For I did not think that what was to be gotten
from the books would profit me as much as what came from
the living and abiding voice.”
(Eusebius, Church History, III.39.4, quoting Papias)
Setting Expectations for Reading Biblical Accounts
When we work with some biblical texts, we are working with
layers of tradition.
Story:
A woman sees what turns out to be a political assassination that
over a few months leads to a war that over a few years leads to
new country boundaries. Thirty years later a researcher who is
writing an historical account of this war interviews a child of this
woman. The child tells the researcher her mother’s story about
the day of the assassination.
•Do you expect the child only heard the story told once?
•Do you expect that the mother told it the same way each time?
•Do you expect that the child (now adult) repeats the story
exactly as his mother stated it?
•Do you expect that the researcher sees the event from the same
different perspective of the woman?
Transmission of Tradition
Setting Expectations for Reading Biblical Accounts
When we work with some biblical texts, we are working with
layers of tradition.
Woman’s story
Children’s
accounts of the
story
Written record for
the sake posterity
Tradition with 3 settings, perspectives, and purposes.
*
Original words
Oral reports of
words for continued
application
Written records for
preservation &
application
* Note: For NT, the period of oral transmission overlaps with written.
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
Poles of Communication (Discuss Assign. #2)
Emotive
Addresser
|
Means------------------------|---------------------Referent
Referential
Poetic
|
Addressee
Conative (persuasive)
GENRE EXERCISE
(CP. pp. 13-15)
Discover:
 That you have highly developed reading
skills,
 That you recognize different genres
“automatically”
 That you read different genres differently
Genre Exercise
Descriptive terms:
Procedure 2
Identify the literary features which tell us what genre the text is:
a)
formal elements
b)
style
c)
content
Procedure 2
Sample Letter
a) Formal elements:
salutation: “Dear …”
body
date
sender’s name and address
recipient’s name and address
closing
signature
Procedure 2
Sample Letter continued
b)
Style
formal:
use of title, “Dr.,” not first name
grammar of standard written English
formal phrasing: “writing in regard to”
no slang or idiom
personal: use of 1st and 2nd person pronouns
c)
Content (letter of request)
“submit …for your consideration”
Procedure 2
Identify the literary features which tell us what genre the text is:
a)
formal elements
b)
style
c)
content
Procedure 3
Identify how we read this genre by exploring:
a)
its audience
b)
its purpose(s)
c)
what we assume or expect from this type
d)
what we focus on for its value or meaning
e)
what we do or ask in order to “understand” it
Procedure 3
Sample Letter
a)
Audience:
particular individual, Dr. H
b)
Purpose:
persuade Dr. H to accept writer’s paper
proposal
c)
Assume/Expect:
body to continue describing the paper
maybe a copy of the paper enclosed or at
least an abstract
more “buttering up”
friendly closing with signature
Procedure 3
Sample Letter continued
d)
Focus for value
Why are we reading this letter? historical, personal
e)
Do to understand: (detective work on context)
identify the sender and the recipient
identify what an “SBL meeting” is and what is done
there, nature of papers presented, etc.
identify when written
identify, if possible, if letter was successful
Procedure 3
Identify how we read this genre by exploring:
a)
its audience
b)
its purpose(s)
c)
what we assume or expect from this type
d)
what we focus on for its value or meaning
e)
what we do or ask in order to “understand” it
Genre Exercise Conclusion
When we pick up on literary features (“clues”) which in turn set
up our expectations and determine how we read that particular
text.
[If not covered on Day 1]
Discovery of the Ancient Near East
Objectives
1. Explain how the Ancient Near East was
discovered.
2. Explain what a “tell” is.
3. Identify different kinds of writing material.
What impact did the discovery of the ANE have on the study of the
OT?
Sphinx & Pyramid
Egypt
Goddess Diana
statue
Petra Treasure House
Edom
What constitutes “civilization”?
What is a Tell?
Tell of Colossae
Ruins of Capernaum
Tell of Herodium
ARCHAEOLOGICAL TELL
When did writing begin? How long before Abraham?
CUNEIFORM on clay tablet
Ugartic Alphabet
PAPYRUS
EGYPTIAN
HIEROGLYPICS
What kinds of literature are found in the ANE?
Moabite Stone
royal inscription,
c. 840 BCE
Assyrian Map
Zondervan Image Archive
THE MYSTERY OF SHELET
(2 Sam 8:7 // 1 Chronicler 18:7; Song of Sol 4:4; Ezek 27:11 )
Jlv
shield or quiver?
Answer: Bow & arrow case
How would you characterize Israel’s impact on the world of
the ANE?
Compare Mesopotamia (Babylonia & Assyria) to Egypt.
What was their natural geographies like? Were they
relatively protected or unprotected? How might their
geographies have shaped their world views?
How unified were they as a people?
What were their gods like?
What was their attitude toward this world/life?
What was their view of kings?
CANAANITE CITIES
Copyright: Logos Bible Atlas
THE CANAANITES
Ba’al from Ugarit
El from Ugarit
Canaanites (1 of 2)
Texts forbidding Canaanite practices: Hosea 4:10-14; Deut 23:17f.
Gods connected with nature, and therefore fertility (Ba’al). Myths
about fertility (agricultural) cycle.
*What made Canaanite religion attractive? Mimetic practices to
manipulate the gods: something people could do. [See Lev. 26:1-5]
“horned” altar
from Megiddo a
Canaanite city
taken by Joshua
Canaanite (2 of 2)
Texts using literary allusions: Isa 27:1; Ps 74:13f; Ps 29; Ps 48:2.
*Main Point: Israel borrowed poetic, mythical imagery, but adapted
it to Yahwistic theology.
Ivory figure from
Megiddo, a
Canaanite city taken
by Joshua
Hebrew and Greek
Culture
Israelite Functionaries and Institutions
NT assumes knowledge of these roles and institutions
King:
monarchy, national identity, term "messiah," Davidic dynasty
NT: David lineage, Messiah, messianic & political expectation of
Jesus’ day
Priest:
cult, sacrificial system, Temple, the Law
NT: sacrificial imagery, Jesus as High Priest and atoning sacrifice,
Sadducees, Christians as a royal priesthood
Prophet:
(unlike ANE: court/temple/shrine) independent "preacher"/ activist /
demonstrator /conscience of the people
NT: John the B, Jesus, apostles, prophets, “pastors,” etc.
Sage:
court advisor, scribe (school?)
NT: wisdom forms of Jesus' teaching, Pharisees, scribes and rabbis.
Read Deuteronomy 26:1-11
What is happening in this text?
What is the significance?
Historical Creed (G. von Rad)
Israelite/Jewish Religion:
A Religion of Historical Heritage
Deuteronomy 26:1-11 (New International Version)
Firstfruits and Tithes
1 When you have entered the land the LORD your God is
giving you as an inheritance and have taken possession of it
and settled in it, 2 take some of the firstfruits of all that you
produce from the soil of the land the LORD your God is giving
you and put them in a basket. Then go to the place the LORD
your God will choose as a dwelling for his Name 3 and say to
the priest in office at the time, “I declare today to the LORD
your God that I have come to the land the LORD swore to our
ancestors to give us.” 4 The priest shall take the basket from
your hands and set it down in front of the altar of the LORD
your God. 5 Then you shall declare before the LORD your
God: “My father was a wandering Aramean, and he went
down into Egypt with a few people and lived there and became
a great nation, powerful and numerous. 6 But the Egyptians
mistreated us and made us suffer, subjecting us to harsh labor.
7
Then we cried out to the LORD, the God of our ancestors,
and the LORD heard our voice and saw our misery, toil and
oppression. 8 So the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a
mighty hand and an outstretched arm, with great terror and
with signs and wonders. 9 He brought us to this place and gave
us this land, a land flowing with milk and honey; 10 and now I
bring the firstfruits of the soil that you, LORD, have given
me.” Place the basket before the
LORD your God and bow down
before him. 11 Then you and the
Levites and the foreigners
residing among you shall rejoice
in all the good things the LORD
your God has given to you and
your household.
History of Israel
Difficulties for Reconstructing Israelite History (1 of 4)
1. The OT documents are difficult to date ("literary" problem) and
often seem to be much later than the event they record.
Why a problem?
"Distance" in time between the date of events and the date of the
records, leads to skepticism about the accuracy of the records.
2. External sources (other ANE artifacts) for corroborative evidence
are often lacking and sometimes appears contradictory. Problem?
Historians are skeptical about relying on one source.
Scholars divide Israelite history into 2 periods
(Prehistorical and Historical). Why?
Biased in favor of political history
History of Israel
Difficulties for Reconstructing Israelite History (2 of 4)
Prehistorical Period (before Kingdom):
(a) very little external evidence, and
(b) OT sources seem quite late.
Merneptah Stele, first external mention of Israel, c.
1220 BCE
History of Israel
Difficulties for Reconstructing Israelite History 2 of 3
Historical Period (political Israel): (a) more external evidence, and
(b) OT sources more contemporary.
(E.g. Jehu, King of Israel paying tribute to Shalmaneser III of Assyria, 825 BCE.)
History of Israel
Difficulties for Reconstructing Israelite History (4 of 4)
3. OT history is presented from a theological perspective.
Why a problem?
(a) Seems less objective to modern historians who search for
atheistic / “natural” causes to events.
[The Israelite bias should be recognized; however, all history writing
is interpreted/biased!]
(b) Causes the OT history to focus on
different topics than on what the modern
historian would focus,
leaving "gaps" in the record.
The Story of God’s Glory
Nature of biblical history
 The main biblical character, even when not
mentioned, is God. The biblical story is about God’s
creation, plan, and actions, particularly within the
life of Israel.
 We learn about God, humanity, reality, the way life
works, etc. (Purpose: “Wise unto salvation”)
 Biblical history ultimately reveals God’s history of
redemption (“Salvation History”).

The “mission” of Israel (and now the Church) was/is to so
display the HOLINESS of God that people will give glory
to God and worship God.
THEREFORE: The Biblical story
is a story about the glory of God:
 What happens when people recognize
God’s glory and glorify Him through
holy lives.
 What happens when people refuse to
recognize the glory of God.
 What happens when people are used by
God to bring others to recognize His
glory and worship Him = MISSIONS.
CROSSROADS OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN WORLD
Overview of OT history as told in OT: 4 Main Events
A) Abraham - "called" by God, promised descendents would
become a nation, land, etc. (ethnic identity)
B) Exodus & Law - key event was deliverance from slavery in
Egypt, led to covenant relationship, giving of law. (religious ID)
C) Enter land and become a nation. (landed and political ID)
D) Exile and restoration (marks division between "Israelite" and
"Judean" history)
Hebrews
Israelites
Jews
Monastery at possible location of
Mt. Sinai
CREATION
(Genesis 1-11)
 Origins
 Global perspective
 Basic Israelite world
view regarding:
divine sphere, human
sphere, and natural
sphere
 E.g. Yahweh is
distinct from nature
Creation Theology
 Gen 1. Humanity meant to “participate” in the nature of
God: created in God’s image and likeness, given
sovereignty over the domains of the earth.
 “distinguish” creational activity, priestly duties (good
vs. evil)
 Gen 2. Humanity [of God’s breath of life] meant to
participate in relationship with God : walk and talk
with, serve in Garden, AND obey.
 “work” and “guard,” priestly duties
From Creation to Clan
Flood
Abram
Sin
Creation--
Noah
Total
corruption
Total
corruption
Israel
CLAN
(Genesis 12 - 50; +Job)
Period: Patriarchs (Fathers)
Character: Abraham
Event: “Call” and
Promise/Covenant:
 Son
 Nation
 Land
 Fate of Nations -blessing or
curse
“Birth” of ethnic identity
Gen 12:2-3. Promises to Abraham:
A Mission to the World
 I will make you into a great nation and
I will bless you.
 I will make your name great, and you
be a blessing.
 I will bless those [plural] who bless you,
and whoever [singular] curses you I will
curse; and all peoples on earth shall be
blessed through you.
[blue = volitional, NOT future]
CONFINEMENT
400 years (Exodus 1-19)
 Period: Slavery in
Egypt
 Character: Moses (at
end of this period)
 Over time the
Hebrews went from
guests to slave
laborers
Purposes of the Exodus Event
Exodus 9:13b: Let my people go, so that they
may worship me, 14 or this time I will send the
full force of my plagues against you and
against your officials and your people, so you
may know that there is no one like me in all
the earth. …16 But I have raised you up for
this very purpose, that I might show you my
power and that my name might be proclaimed
in all the earth.
Purposes of the Exodus Event
Exodus 19:5-6 Now if you obey me
fully and keep my covenant, then out
of all nations you will be my
treasured possession. Although the
whole earth is mine, 6 you will be for
me a kingdom of priests and a holy
nation.
COMMANDMENTS
2 years (Exodus 20 - Leviticus 27)
wnyhla
hwhy
dha
[mv
larfy
hwhy
 Period: Giving of the
Law at Mt. Sinai
 Character: Moses
 Event: religious
“birth” of Israel
 “I’ll be your God and
you will be my
people, if you will be
holy as I am holy.”
Purposes of the Law
 Reveal the Holy character of God, that the
Israelites might live according to His character and
be blessed (Deut. 5:39-40; 6:1-3), AND
 Be a holy witness to the nations:
Deuteronomy 4:5-6
See, I have taught you decrees and laws as the LORD
my God commanded me, so that you may follow them
in the land you are entering to take possession of it. 6
Observe them carefully, for this will show your
wisdom and understanding to the nations, who will
hear about all these decrees and say, "Surely this
great nation is a wise and understanding people."
CAMPING
40 years (Numbers)
 Period: Wandering
in Wilderness
 Character: Moses
 Event: rebelled when
told to conquer the
Promised Land; they
will have to wait until
the next generation
comes of age
COVENANT
1 month (Deuteronomy)
 Period/Event: Renew
Covenant w/ next
generation
 Character: Moses
 Ready to enter the
Land
Covenant Theology
How would you defend the statement: "All of Israelite history may
be viewed as a theology of covenant"?
• Specific relationships/covenants: Adam, Noah, Abraham &
sons, Moses & Israel, David.
•Books of “Former Prophets” (Deuteronomistic History)
interpreted course of Israel's history according to covenant.
•Kings assessed according to covenant faithfulness.
•Prophets held people accountable to standards of covenant.
•Basis for the story line of Pentateuch.
CONQUEST
14 years (Joshua)
 Period: take the
Land (birth of
landed ID)
 Character: Joshua
Play BibleMaps “Conquest” here
Joshua’s Conquest of
Canaan
Logos Bible Atlas, 1994
CYCLES
(Judges - 1 Samuel 8)
Period: Judges
(Judges = charismatic,
temporary military
leader
Cycles:
 rebel against God
 subjugated by neighbors
 repent and cry out
 delivered by “judge”
CROWNS
120 years (1 Samuel 9 - 1 Kings 11; + 1 Chronicles 1 - 2
Chronicles 9; Psalms - Song of Solomon)
Period: United
Monarchy (“birth” of
political ID)
Characters: 1st 3 kings:
 Saul (Benjamin)
 David (Judah)
 Solomon (son of
David)
CHASM
200 years (1 Kings 12 - 2 Kings 16; + 2 Chronicles 10 - 28;
Isaiah; Hosea - Micah)
 Period: Divided
Monarchy
 N. Kingdom = Israel
 S. Kingdom = Judah
CHASM: DIVIDED MONARCHY
CAPTIVITIES
200 years (2 Kings 17 - 25; + 2 Chronicles 29 - 36;
Jeremiah - Daniel; Nahum - Zephaniah)
Fall of Kingdoms:
 N. Kingdom to
Assyria in 721 BCE
 S. Kingdom to
Babyonia in 586 BCE
CONSTRUCTION*
120 years (Ezra - Esther; +Haggai - Malachi)
Period: Return and
Rebuild under Persian
control
Characters: Ezra and
Nehemiah
*Undeserved restoration /
grace should bring
humility (Ezek 36:2432)