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Echinoderms Examples Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers Echinoderms Invertebrates Inhabit marine environments Most radially symmetrical No head (cephalization) Exoskeleton Water-vascular system Calcium Carbonate Water filled canals Tube feet Movement, feeding, respiration, excretion Fish Phylum: Chordates Notochord Dorsal nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Subphylum: Vertebrates Three characteristics Vertebral column Skull Endoskeleton Types of Fish Agnatha Lampreys and Hagfishes Eel-like bodies Lack jaws, fins, and bones Hagfish and Lampreys Hagfish Bottom dwellers Burrow into body of dead fish to eat Tie their bodies in not to evade Hagfish Lampreys Can be parasitic Feed on blood and fluids of host Lamprey Invasion Types of Fish Chondrichthyes Sharks, rays, and skates Have jaws and fins Cartilage skeleton Unique scales-Placoid Sharks Types of Fish Osteichthyes Bony Fish: Salmon, perch, catfish Bone Lungs or swim bladder Scales Jaws Lobe-finned Fish 7 species still exist Lungfish exchange gases through lungs and gills Ancestors of amphibians Ray-finned fish Fins supported by bony elements called rays Eels, perch, trout, guppies, bass Reduce Friction Detects vibrationsSenses Skull, spinal column, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and ribs Digestive & Excretion System Carnivores Mouth Esophagus Stomach Intestine Anus Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Excretion Kidneys Urine Urinary bladder Circulatory System Heart, blood vessels, blood Heart arteries gills tissues veins heart Respiratory System Gills Gill Arch Gill filaments Nervous Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Lateral Line Reproduction Male and female fish External fertilization Mortality of eggs & young fish are high Lay many eggs Spawning Build nests Migrate to warm water Swim bladder Swim bladder Thin-walled sac that contains oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen Adjust the density of fish Move up and down in water Classification Phylum: Chordata Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae Amphibians Adaptation to Land Evolved from lobefinned fish Water dried up and adapted Escape predation and competition Amphibians = “Double” and “life” Characteristics of Early Amphibians Shared Traits Skull Vertebral column Bones in the fin Structure & position Other Traits Sense Organs Scent & sound Large tail Large teeth Gills 7 toes Characteristics Most change from water to land Moist, thin skin with no scales Webbed feet Gills, lungs or skin in respiration Eggs laid in water that lack shells Modern Amphibians Anura Frogs and Toads Urodela Salamandars Apoda Legless amphibians Caecilians External Structure Skin Respiration & protection Potential dehydration Mucous glands Mucus Foul-tasting or poisonous substances Internal Structures Urostyle Radio-ulna Tibiofibula Fused Bones - Absorb the forces Digestive System Larva Algae & bacteria Adults – Herbivores Carnivores Insects and small arthropods Mice, snakes, fish Digestive System Mouth esophagus stomach small/large intestine cloaca vent Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Excretory System Kidneys Urine Urinary Ducts Cloaca Urinary bladder Respiration Larval amphibians Exchange CO2 and O2 through gills and skin Adult Lungs and skin Pressure differences force air in and out of lungs Circulatory System 2 Loop system Deoxygenated blood heart lungs oxygenated blood heart muscles heart Arteries & veins Eliminates mixing of de/oxygenated blood Nervous System Brain Olfactory Lobes - Smell Cerebrum – Responsible for learning Optic Lobes – Sight Cerebellum – Muscular coordination Medulla Oblongata – Joins brain and spinal cord Spinal cord Sense Organs Lateral Line In Larva Eyes covered by nictitating membrane Ears Tympanic membrane Reproductive System Male and Female Courtship Mating calls Direct External Fertilization Female lays eggs and male discharges sperm over them Parental care Metamorphosis
