Psychological Tests
Mr. Cole
Rowland High School
Recent research findings support a “Mozart effect,”
that is, that having infants listen to classical music
boosts their cognitive ability or IQ.
82%
Fa
l
se
18%
Tr
ue
1. True
2. False
School attendance correlates with IQ.
1. True
2. False
69%
se
Fa
l
Tr
ue
31%
Some people with very high IQ’s have difficulty
processing and managing social information.
58%
Fa
l
se
42%
Tr
ue
1. True
2. False
IQ is not influenced by birth order.
65%
Fa
l
se
35%
Tr
ue
1. True
2. False
As adopted children grow older, their intelligence scores become
more similar to those of their biological parents than to those of
their adoptive parents.
1. True
2. False
52%
se
Fa
l
Tr
ue
48%
IQ is boosted by breast-feeding.
1. True
2. False
63%
se
Fa
l
Tr
ue
38%
IQ is going up over time and has risen about 20
points with every generation studied.
58%
Fa
l
se
42%
Tr
ue
1. True
2. False
Intelligence scores are predictive of real-world
outcomes, such as success in college.
79%
Fa
l
se
21%
Tr
ue
1. True
2. False
Among the intellectually disabled, males
outnumber females by 50 percent.
61%
Fa
l
se
39%
Tr
ue
1. True
2. False
Intelligence Testing
• Journal #1: What is intelligence? Provide your
own personal definition, with at least three
criteria.
Intelligence Testing
• Order share your journal within your group
explaining why & how you choose your
criteria.
Intelligence Testing
• What were some common criteria that came
up during our discussion?
Intelligence Testing
• Intelligence – is the ability of a person to act
purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal
affectively with his or her environment.
Intelligence Testing
• Classroom Exercise: Designing an intelligence test
– 6 questions
– Objective questions
– Examples:
• Which two states are not in the continental U.S.?
• The number of seconds taken to complete a simple
puzzle, word problem, or maze.
• Analogies, logic, and math problems
• Picture problems
• Categorization task
Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Testing
• Journal #2 Describe your intelligence test and
explain if the test demonstrates reliability and
validity.
Types of Psychological Tests
• Types of tests
– Objective
• MMPI-2
• Myers-Briggs
• AP Psychology
– Subjective
• TAT test n Ach
• Rorschach Inkblot
– Inter-rater reliability
– Achievement test
– Aptitude test
Types of Psychological Tests
• Types of tests
– Objective
• MMPI-2
• Myers-Briggs
• AP Psychology
– Subjective
• TAT test n Ach
• Rorschach Inkblot
– Inter-rater reliability
– Achievement test
– Aptitude test
Characteristics of Psychological Tests
• Test validity
– Face validity
– Content validity
– Criterion validity
– Predictive validity
– Item analysis
Characteristics of Psychological Tests
• Test reliability
– Test-retest reliability
– Split-half reliability
Standardization and Norms
• Standardization
– Standardized testing
1. The administration and scoring is the same for all
2. Results can be used to draw conclusions
Standardization and Norms
• Norming
– Normal curve
– Normal range
Standardization and Norms
• Discussion question: What are some ethical
considerations to take into account when
administering a standardized test?
Psychological Testing
• Reflection: Does our society put too much emphasis
on achievement and aptitude tests (i.e. SAT, ACT, IQ,
or AP tests? Give two reasons to support your
opinion.
Mock Intelligence Test
• How did it feel to take the IQ test? (ordered share)
• Do you think your intelligence has been accurately
measured?
• Are there anyways the test might be improved?
Checking for Understanding
Intelligence Testing
• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
– Background
– Mental age (MA)
– Chronological age (CA)
– Key features:
• Measured current performance
• Created to identify at risk students
• Training and opportunity could affect scores
Intelligence Testing
• Questions on the original Binet-Simon test:
– Name various objects shown in a picture.
– Repeat a 15 word sentences given by the
examiner.
– Comply with simple commands.
– Explain the differences between two common
objects.
– Use three words given by the examiner in a
sentence.
– Define abstract terms (such as friendship)
Intelligence Testing
• Intelligence testing in the U.S.
– Background
• Immigration
• Universal education
• World War I
Intelligence Testing
• Lewis Terman
– Stanford-Binet intelligence test
– Intelligence quotient (IQ)
– Criticism of the test
• Tested different abilities at different ages
Intelligence Testing
– Wechsler Intelligence Test
Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Testing
Checking for Understanding
Checking for Understanding
Intelligence Testing
• Discussion: Why do intelligent people fail?
Intelligence Testing
• Reasons intelligent people fail:
– Lack of Motivation
– Lack of perseverance
– Personal difficulties
– Inability to delay gratification
Intelligence Testing
• Ordered Share: “Are intelligent people happy? Why
or why not? Give at least on reason to support your
answer?
Intelligence Testing
• Lewis Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children
– Happy and successful
Intelligence Testing
• Expectations Influences Performance
– Rat experiments
– Rosenthal and Jacobson
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
– Claude Steel
• Stereotype threat
Teacher Expectancy
• Discussion: How are teacher expectancies
translated to students in their classroom?
– Factors involved:
• Quality of time
• Teacher questioning
• Teacher praise
• Teacher non-verbal cues
• Instruction
Reflection: In your
opinion, what factor
has the most impact
on low expectancy
students?
Intelligence Testing
• Extremes of Intelligence
– Mental retardation
• Down Syndrome
– Giftedness
Intelligence Testing
• Savant syndrome
– Low functioning:
• Language
• Socialization
• Reasoning
• Practical IQ
• Emotional IQ
Savant Syndrome
Savant Syndrome
Savant Syndrome
Islands of genius:
Savant syndrome After
a 30-minute helicopter
ride and a visit to the
top of a skyscraper,
British savant artist
Stephen Wiltshire
began seven days of
drawing that
reproduced the Tokyo
skyline.
Intelligence Testing
• Ordered Share: Do you believe that there is one or
many components to human intelligence.
Intelligence Testing
• Psychometric theories of intelligence
– Charles Spearman
• General Intelligence
• Factor analysis
• g factor
• Sports analogy
g
Intelligence Testing
– Raymond Cattel
• Crystallized intelligence
• Fluid intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
• Robert Sternberg’s intelligence theory
– Triarchic Theory
• Practical intelligence
Practical Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
• Robert Sternberg’s intelligence theory
– Triarchic Theory
• Practical intelligence
• Analytical intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
•
Robert Sternberg’s intelligence theory
– Triarchic Theory
• Practical intelligence
• Analytical intelligence
• Creative intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
• Emotional Intelligence
– Ability to perceive emotions
– Ability to understand emotions
– Ability to manage emotions
– Ability to use emotions
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Spatial/Visual
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Spatial/Visual
6. Body-Kinesthetic
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Spatial/Visual
6. Body-Kinesthetic
7. Musical
Multiple Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Spatial/Visual
6. Body-Kinesthetic
7. Musical
8. Naturalist
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Spatial/Visual
6. Body-Kinesthetic
7. Musical
8. Naturalist
9. Existential
Multiple Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Spatial/Visual
6. Body-Kinesthetic
7. Musical
8. Naturalist
9. Existential
10. Spiritual
Multiple Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
• Howard Gardner
– Theory of multiple intelligences
1. Linguistic/Verbal
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Spatial/Visual
6. Body-Kinesthetic
7. Musical
8. Naturalist
9. Existential
10. Spiritual
Ordered Share: In your opinion,
what is one of your strengths
and weaknesses? Explain.
Theories of Intelligence
• Reflection: What did you learn about yourself
from the multiple intelligence assessment?
Applying Theories of Intelligence
Scenario: Eddie is a ten year-old and his parents have
just been told that he is mentally challenged based
on the standard IQ (80) and achievement tests. Eddie
has difficulty with his course work, but he has a
lovable disposition and gets along well with his
teacher and the other children in his class. He enjoys
camping and the outdoors and is excellent at
basketball and often will go outside to shoot freethrows rather that doing his homework. Eddie also
enjoys listening to music and is interested in learning
the guitar.
Applying Theories of Intelligence
Instructions: Using the theory of intelligence that you
have been assigned, write and assessment of Eddie’s
intelligence for his parents. Take the position of a
psychologist in the school with the particular theory
you have been assigned. Include how you would
assess Eddie’s intelligence and his future success in
the wolrd.
Triarchic Theory
Multiple Intelligence Theory
Emotional Intelligence
Intelligence Testing: Nature v. Nurture
• Ordered Share: In your opinion, what plays a bigger role in
intelligence nature or nurture?
• What are the implications?
Intelligence and Heredity
“I told my parents that if
grades were so important
they should have paid for a
smarter egg donor.”
Intelligence Testing
• Heritability and group differences
– Heritability – refers only to differences within a
group of individuals who have shared the same
environment
Intelligence and Heredity
Nature’s own morphing
Nature draws no sharp
boundaries between races,
which blend gradually one
into the next around the
Earth. Thanks to the human
urge to classify, however,
people socially define
themselves in racial
categories, which become
catch-all labels for physical
features, social identity, and
nationality.
Intelligence and Heredity
• Intelligence and heredity
– Interaction of many genes
Intelligence: Nature
and nurture The
most genetically
similar people have
the most similar
intelligence scores.
Remember: 1.0
indicates a perfect
correlation; zero
indicates no
correlation at all.
Intelligence Testing
• Intelligence and heredity
– Interaction of many genes
Who do adopted
children resemble?
As the years went by
in their adoptive
families, children’s
verbal ability scores
became modestly
more like their
biological parents’
scores.
Intelligence and Environment
• Intelligence and Environment
• Contact early in life
– High stimulus environments early in life
– Amount of schooling
– Problem solving
– Project Head Start
Intelligence and Environment
Intelligence and Environment
Devastating neglect
Romanian orphans
who had minimal
interaction with
caregivers, such as
this child in the
Lagunul Pentro Copii
orphanage in 1990,
suffered delayed
cognitive
development.
Intelligence and Environment
• The Scarr and Winberg Adoption Study
The Flynn Effect
Intelligence Testing
• The Jenson Controversy
– Implications
– Factors Jenson ignores:
• Racism
• Teacher expectancy effect
• Lack of opportunity
• Social bias of IQ test
• Heritability
Intelligence Testing
• Low IQ’s cause poverty
• Problems with
– Correlation is not causation
– Miss use of hereditary
– Test bias
Intelligence Testing
• Social Class and IQ
– Claude Steel – Stereotype threat
– Less access to health care
– Poor nutrition
– Lack of books
– Caregivers work long hours
– Environmental effects
– Differences in schooling (taxes)
Culture Fair Intelligence Test