Bio 11 Manual Revisions
Zoology
Overview
Current Design: Lab
Flow of Topics: Original
Laboratory
No. of Hours
Lecture
Types of Tissues (Z20)
3
Levels of Organization
Animal Organ Microanatomy (Z21)
3
Types of Animal Tissues
Animal Forms (Z1)
1.5
Animal Body Plans
Animal Integuments (Z2)
1.5
Animal Integuments
The Skeleton (Z3)
3
Skeletal System
Muscular System (Z4)
3
Muscular System
Locomotion (Z5)
1.5
Locomotion
Digestion and Nutrition
Gas Exchange
Total
16.5
No. of Hours
Flow of Topics: Revised
Laboratory
No. of Hours
Lecture
Types of Tissues (Z20)
3
Levels of Organization
Animal Forms (Z1)
1.5
Types of Animal Tissues
Animal Integuments (Z2)
1.5
Animal Body Plans
The Skeleton (Z3)
3
Animal Integuments
Muscular System (Z4)
3
Skeletal System
Locomotion (Z5)
1.5
Muscular System
Digestive System (Z6)
1.5
Locomotion
Respiratory System (Z7)
1.5
Digestion and Nutrition
Gas Exchange
Total
16.5
No. of Hours
Types of Animal Tissues (Exercise Z20)
Objective/s: none specified
Laboratory:
• Epithelial Tissue
• Muscular
• Supporting and Connective
• Vascular
• Nervous
Lecture:
• Levels of Organization
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous
Types of Animal Tissues
Part 1. Epithelial Tissue
• “Observe the flattened, closely fitted cells that form the protective lining of the [human]
cheek.” (p. 39, par. 7)
• “Observe the tile-like flattened cells [scraped from the skin of the preserved toad] under
both [LPO] and [HPO].” (p. 39, par. 8)
• “Observe the movement of the ciliated cells [scraped from the roof of the mouth of the
live frog].” (p. 39, par. 9)
• “Look for examples of [cuboidal and columnar epithelia] during the study of the
microscopic anatomy of the organs.” (p. 40, par. 1)
• “Look for sample of glandular epithelia during the study of the microscopic anatomy of
the organs.” (p. 40, par. 4)
Types of Animal Tissues
Part 2. Muscular Tissue
• “Study the cross section of a vertebrate intestine or stomach under HPO (Plate 32, Fig 1),
and observe the layer of spindle-shaped cells that lie next to the tunica serosa.” (p. 40,
par. 7)
• “How is syncytium brought about in muscle cells?” (p. 40, par. 9)
• “Cut out a tiny piece of muscle from the preserved frog’s gastrocnemius... Observe the
strations and other properties of the muscle fiber under both LPO and HPO.” (p. 40, par.
10)
• “Mount a prepared slide of muscle… Compare with the fresh mount.” (p. 41, par. 1)
• “Obtain a stained preparation of cardiac or heart muscle... Look for… structures noted in
skeletal muscle. Observe the intercalated discs[,] which are...” (p. 41, par. 2)
Types of Animal Tissues
Part 3. Supporting and Connective Tissue
• “From a frog, cut out and mount on a glass slide a piece of the membrane that attaches
the skin to the underlying muscle to observe loose ordinary muscle tissue. Drop a little
methylene blue under the cover slip and examine the preparation…. Observe the
collagenous fibers that constitute the dermis.” (p. 41, par. 4)
• “Give examples of each kind of [cartilage]. Obtain a prepared slide of hyaline cartilage
and examine it under the microscope. Identify…” (p. 41, par. 5)
• “Obtain a permanent slide of the cross-section of a long bone… Why [are osteocytes not
shown in bone specimens prepared using the grinding method]?” (p. 41, par. 6)
• “Observe the arrangement of the bone cells around the Haversian canal. Notice also
that…” (p. 41, par. 6)
Types of Animal Tissues
Part 4. Vascular (Blood) Tissue
• “Blood is also considered as belonging to the connective tissue group. Explain.” (p. 41,
par. 7)
• “Study… a preparation of frog’s blood… Select an area… Note… What is the function of
the erythrocytes” (p. 42, par. 1)
• “Observe a few WBC, what are their functions?” (p. 42, par. 2)
• “Identify the leucocytes.” (p. 42, par. 4)
Part 5. Nervous Tissue
• “Place a small piece of spinal nerve… on a glass slide… Tease with a pair of needles ….
Focus on an isolate nerve fiber… Observe the axis cylinder…“ (p. 42, par. 9)
Microanatomy of Frog Organs (Exercise Z21)
Objective/s:
Laboratory:
• Skin c.s.
• Liver c.s.
• Small intestine c.s.
• Stomach c.s.
• Kidney c.s.
• Spinal Cord c.s.
Lecture:
• No lectures with the same
organization
• Skin – Integumentary System
• Small Intestine and Stomach –
Digestion and Nutrition
• Kidney – Osmoregulation and
Excretion
• Spinal Cord – Nervous System
• Liver – not included in lectures
Microanatomy of Frog Organs
Part 1. Skin
• “Examine a prepared slide of a section of the skin… Locate the different layers or strata of the
epidermis and dermis.” (p. 43. par. 2)
• “What is [the chromatophores’] primary function? Look for cutaneous glands… What are their
secretions?... Look for blood capillaries and lymph spaces in [the stratum laxum].” (p. 43, par. 5)
Part 2. Liver
• “Examine a stained slide of the frog’s liver… Look for sections of large blood vessels…” (p. 44, par.
1)
Part 3. Intestine
• “What do the goblet cells secrete?” (p. 44. par. 3)
• “Identify sections of blood vessels and lymph spaces in [the tunica submucosa].” (p. 44, par. 4)
• “What is mesothelium?” (p. 44, par. 6)
Microanatomy of Frog Organs
Part 4. Stomach
• “Compare the different layers of the intestine and the stomach…” (p. 44, par. 7)
• “Study the thick tunica mucosa… Identify the neck and body… What do the neck cells
secrete? What do the zymogenic and parietal cells secrete? What is the function of these
secretions?” (p. 44-45, par. 8)
• “What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?” (p. 45, par. 1)
• “What is the importance of the [tunica muscularis]?” (p. 45, par. 3)
Part 5. Kidney
• “Is the adrenal gland part of the kidney?” (p. 45. par. 6)
• “Observe the simple squamous epithelium making the Bowman’s capsule.” (p. 45, par. 7)
• “How do you distinguish sections of veins from arteries?” (p. 45, par. 9)
Microanatomy of Frog Organs
Part 6. Spinal Cord
• “Study under the microscope a prepared slide of the spinal cord.” (p. 46, par. 1)
• “Identify the gray matter and note… What is found in the central canal?” (p. 46, par. 2)
• “Observe the single large nucleolus within the nucleus [of the motor cell]. What is the shape of the
motor cells? What is a motor neuron? What is a multipolar neuron?” (p. 46, par. 3)
• “Focus again under low power… Does your specimen still have the dura mater?” (p. 46, par. 4)
• “Identify the dorsal and ventral fissures… invaginations of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the
cord.” (p. 46, par. 5)
Animal Forms (Exercise Z1)
Objective/s:
“to introduce… basic morphological concepts without
going into classification of taxonomic aspects.” (p. 2, par. 1)
Laboratory:
• Symmetry
• Segmentation
• Regionalization
• Appendages
Lecture:
• Symmetry
• Segmentation
Animal Forms
Part 1. Introduction to Animal Forms
• “Make a comparison of various animals representing the major phyla. Record
your observations in Table 1.” (p. 2, par. 3)
Part 2. External Anatomy of the Frog
• Description of frog body parts, with no instructions mentioned to identify
them in the specimen.
• “Note the proportion of the parts and the structural peculiarities of each.”
(p. 2, par. 4)
• “Make a table comparing fish, frog and man with respect to their body
divisions.” (p. 2, par. 8)
Animal Integuments (Exercise Z2)
Objective/s: none specified
Laboratory:
• Epithelium, cuticle
• Mantle
• Arthropod “rigid integument”
• Skin
Lecture:
• Types of integument
• Plasma membrane
• Epidermis (earthworm, mollusk,
arthropods)
• Skin
• Integumentary Derivatives
• Animal Coloration
Instructions: “Determine the integument of the animals which the laboratory
instructor will present to the class[,] and fill up Table 2.” (p. 3, par. 2)
Skeletal System (Exercise Z3)
Objective/s: none specified
Laboratory:
• Exoskeletons
• Invertebrate: Corals; mollusk shells;
arthropod “exoskeleton is chitinous”
• Vertebrate: Turtle shell, fish scales,
reptile horny shields; plumage, pelage,
nails, horns, etc.
• Endoskeleton
• Pen, test
• Bone, cartilage and ligament
• Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Lecture:
• Functions
• Hydrostatic Skeleton
• Rigid Skeleton
• Exoskeleton: Mollusks and arthropods
• Endoskeleton: Notochord, cartilage,
bone
• Bone Growth and Renewal
• Human Skeletal System
• Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Skeletal System
Part 1. Exoskeletons
• “Examine a stony coral closely. Note the minute holes in which the
hydra like animals retreat in life.” (p. 3, par. 4)
Part 2. Endoskeletons
• “Why are [cuttlefish pens] placed in cages of pet birds?” (p. 3, par. 9)
Skeletal System
Part 3. The Frog Skeletal System
3.1 Overview
• “Notice how the arm bone fits [the pectoral girdle] on in its ventro-lateral aspect.” (p. 4, par.
2)
• “Notice how the hindlimb bones fit on the sides of the [pectoral girdle].” (p. 4, par. 3)
3.2 Skull and Lower Jaw
• “Examine the dorsal side [of the skull].” (p. 4, par. 5)
• “Compare the lower jaw, or mandible, with the upper jaw.” (p. 4, par. 7)
3.4 Pectoral Girdle…
• “What are the advantages of such structural arrangement? [Re: the human sternum]” (p. 5,
par. 4)
Skeletal System
Part 4. Activities
• “4.1 In tabular form (Table 3), state the kind of skeleton present in the various animals given by
the instructor” (p. 6, par. 1)
• “4.2 Construct a Table (Table 4), showing the corresponding bones of the forelimb and hindlimb
series.” (p. 6, par. 2)
• “4.3 Compare the atypical vertebrae with a typical vertebra by completing Table 5. Indicate the
presence of structure by a plus (+) sign and absence by a minus (-) sign. If a structure is partially
present, use the symbol ± and state your reason below.” (p. 6, par. 3)
Muscular System, Motion and Locomotion
(Exercises Z4 and Z5)
Objective/s: none specified
Laboratory:
• Classification and parts of
vertebrate muscle; Muscle action
• Axial Musculature
• Appendicular Musculature
• Locomotion of Invertebrates:
Planaria, Snail, Earthworm
• Locomotion of Vertebrates
Lecture:
• Amoeboid and flagellar
movement
• Muscular movement
• Bivalve, insect, human
• Mechanism: Sliding filament,
muscular innervation
• Slow and fast fibers
Muscular System
• “Make incisions on the skin of the frog and carefully remove the whole skin from
the body.” (p. 6, par. 8)
• “Examine the thigh ventrally.” (p. 8, par 1)
• “Loosen the tendon [of Achilles] by rupturing the fascia enveloping the foot. What
are the functions of the gastrocnemius?” (p. 8, par. 2)
• “Push the ventral portion of the gastrocnemius away from the tibio-fibula.” (p. 8,
par. 2)
Motion and Locomotion
Part 1. Locomotion in Planaria
• Observe [looping, locomotory waves] and other locomotor movements in
Dugesia.” (p. 9, par. 1)
Part 2. Locomotion in Gastropods
• “Obtain a snail or garden slug… Observe the locomotion of the snail or slug and
describe the mechanics of pedal locomotion. How does it differ from the creeping
mode of locomotion in [planarians]?” (p. 9, par. 2-3)
Motion and Locomotion
Part 3. Locomotion in Earthworms
• “Observe closely an earthworm in contraction. Note the cycle of contraction of
the circular and longitudinal muscle fibers and the changes in shape of the
segments. How does the earthworm anchor itself onto the substratum?” (p. 9,
par. 5)
Part 4. Locomotion in the Vertebrates
• “Observe this kind of motion[, undulatory swimming,] in fishes in the aquarium”
(p. 10, par. 6)
• “Classify the following animals as to their mode of locomotion: python, house
lizard, eel, common from, duck, chicken, mouse, chimpanzee, horse, dove,
tortoise.” (p. 10, par. 8).
Digestive System (Exercise Z6)
Objective/s: none specified
Laboratory:
• Incomplete Type
• Complete Type
Lecture:
• Nutritional modes and dietary
types
• Feeding adaptations
• Types of Digestive System
• Stages of Food Processing
• Regulation of Digestion
• Nutritional Requirements
Respiratory System (Exercise Z8)
Objective/s: none specified
Laboratory:
• Epithelium
• Tracheal System
• Gills
• Toad Respiratory System
Lecture:
• Respiratory Surfaces and Organs
• Tracheal system
• Gills (internal, external)
• Lungs
• Respiratory Pigments
• Regulation of Breathing
Excretory System (Exercise Z8)
Objective/s: none specified
Laboratory:
• Epithelium
• Tracheal System
• Gills
• Toad Respiratory System
Lecture:
• Respiratory Surfaces and Organs
• Tracheal system
• Gills (internal, external)
• Lungs
• Respiratory Pigments
• Regulation of Breathing