‫بسم هللا الرحمن‬
‫الرحيم‬
‫بسم هللا ما شاء هللا ال قوة إال باهلل‪ ،‬ما شاء هللا كل‬
‫نعمة من هللا‪ ،‬ما شاء هللا الخير كله بيد هللا‪ ،‬ما‬
‫شاء هللا ال يصرف السوء إال هللا"‬
‫‪‬‬
 Course Code :
Bio 106
Course Title : Biology
 Workload:
5 hours per week:
3hr theoretical and 2hr
practical
Distribution of grades
final Theoretical Examination 40
final Practical Examination 30
first Mid term exam 15
Second Mid term exam + term paper +
Weekly discussions 15
Welcome to biology Science
Best wishes to enjoy with Course
Course Objectives
The main objective of this course is: To
learn the fundamental of biology.
The main titles of biology course
1. Introduction.
2. Recognize the scope of biology and its
relevance to medicine.
3. Structure and function of animal cell
organelles.
4. Metabolism and enzymes.
5. Mitotic and meiotic cell division.
6. Structure of DNA and protein synthesis.
7. Biotechnology and genetic engineering
8. Digestive system
9. Endocrinology and hormones
10. Reproductive system
11. Circulatory system
12. Nervous system
1
1
All living organisms share in a family of basic
characteristics.
1. Cellular organization
All organisms consist of one or more cells. Often
too tiny to see, cells carry out the basic activities
of living organisms. Each cell is bounded by a
membrane
that
separates
it
from
its
surroundings.
13
14
4. Growth, development, and reproduction
All organisms are capable of growing and
reproducing, and they all possess hereditary
molecules that are passed to their offspring,
ensuring that the offspring are of the same
species.
5. Energy utilization
All organisms take in energy and use it to
perform many kinds of work. Every muscle in
your body is powered with energy you obtain
from the food you eat.
6. Evolutionary adaptation
All organisms interact with other organisms and
the environment in ways that influence survival,
and as a consequence, organisms evolve
adaptations to their environments.
7. Homeostasis
All organisms maintain relatively constant internal
conditions, different from their environment, a
process called homeostasis.
Hierarchial
‫التعضي التسلسلي‬
Organization:
The organization of the biological world is
hierarchial-that is, each level builds on the level
below it.
1. The Cellular Level
At the cellular level, atoms ‫الذرات‬, the fundamental
elements of matter, are joined together into
clusters called molecules ‫الجزيئات‬. Complex
biological molecules are assembled into tiny
structures called organelles ‫ العضيات‬within
membrane-bounded units we call cells ‫الخاليا‬.
2. The Organismal Level:
Cells are organized into three levels of
organization. The most basic level is that of
tissues, which are mostly made of groups
of similar cells that act as a functional unit.
Tissues, in turn, are grouped into organs.
At the third level of organization, organs
are grouped into organ systems.
3. The Population Level ‫مستوي العشيرة‬
Individual organisms are organized into several
levels within the living world. The most basic of
these is the population, which is a group of
organisms of the same species living in the same
place.
All the populations of a particular kind of
organism together form a species, its members
similar in appearance and able to interbreed.
At a higher level of biological organization, a
biological community consists of all the
populations of different species living together
in one place.
Structural Hierarchy
‫التسلسل التركيبي‬