The Cell and Cell Transport
Anatomy and Physiology
The Cell and Cell Transport
• Functional anatomy – study of structures
as they relate to function
• We study a typical cell (composite cell)
• Cell size – range from 7.5 µm to 150 µm
– µm = 1 millionth of a meter; 1 x 10-6 meters
Nerve Cells
• Features
– Surface is sensitive to
stimuli
– Has long extensions
• Functions
– Detects changes in
environment
– Transmits nerve
impulses throughout
body
http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/n
ervous/nerve_cell_bh.jpg
Muscle Cells
• Features
– Elongated, threadlike
– Contain tiny fibers that
slide together
• Functions
– Contract to allow
movement of body
parts
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/im
ages/351Blabeled_copy.jpg
• Features
Red Blood Cells
– Contains hemoglobin
(attract and releases
O 2)
• Functions
– Transports O2 in the
bloodstream
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2007/nand7t2/images/r
bc.jpg
• Features
Gland Cells
– Contain sacs that
release secretions to
the outside of the cell
• Functions
– Release hormones,
enzymes, mucus, and
sweat
http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/distincthuman-celltypes-1
Immune Cells
• Features
– Some can engulf other
cells
– Some manufacture
antibodies
– Some can destroy
other cells
• Functions
– Recognize and
destroy “nonself” cells
(cancer, bacteria)
http://www.jyi.org/articleimages/821/originals/img0.j
pg
Membrane bound organelles
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Plasma membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Non membrane bound organelles
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Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and flagella
Nucleolus
Plasma Membrane
• Cell boundary; protein molecules serve as
markers that identify cell’s purpose
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembr
ane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Rough ER –
ribosomes attached
synthesize proteins
that leave via Golgi
apparatus
• Smooth ER –
synthesizes lipids in
cell membranes,
steroid horomones,
and certain CHO
http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biol
ogytext/cb/org/rough_er-em.gif
http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biology
text/cb/org/smooth_er-em.gif
Golgi apparatus
• Synthsize CHO,
combines it with
a protein, &
packages the
product as
globules of
glycoprotein
(proteins that contain
oligosaccharide chains
(glycan) covalently
attached to polypeptide
side-chains)
http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif7
1/images/00016960.jpg
Lysosomes
• Digestive enzymes that break down worn
cell parts and ingested particles
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/them
es/sciences/zoology/animalphysiol
ogy/anatomy/animalcellstructure/L
ysosomes/lysosome.jpg
Peroxisomes
• Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful
substances
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu
/cells/peroxisomes/images/
peroxisomesfigure2.jpg
Mitochondria
• Catabolism (the set of pathways that break
down molecules into smaller units and
release energy); ATP synthesis
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/ima
ges/thumb/2/25/Mitochondria.gif/4
00px-Mitochondria.gif
Nucleus
• Genetic code which dictates protein
synthesis
http://www.frontiers-ingenetics.org/en/pictures/nucleus_1.jpg
Ribosomes
• Site of protein
synthesis
http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/cell/page11
a.gif
Cytoskeleton
• Framework to
support the cell and
organelles;
functions in cell
movement; forms
cell extensions
http://www.immediart.com/catalog/images/bi
gger_images/SPL_6_P780110Fibroblast_cells_showing_cytoskeleton.
jpg
Cilia and flagella
• Hair like extensions
that serve to move
substance over the
cell or propel sperm
cells
http://www.pcdfoundation.org/im
ages/Johnny%27s%20cilia%20
pic.jpg
http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/files/2008
/01/sperm.jpg
Nucleolus
• Part of the nucleus;
helps form ribosomes
http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Lists/Imag
es/nucleolus.jpg
Fluid Mosaic Model
• The current model of the plasma or cell
membrane that we use.
• It is a mosaic (made of many pieces)
• Fluid – molecules are able to float around
like icebergs
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/ima
ges/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg
• Hydrophillic = water lover
• Hydrophobic = afraid of water
Passive Transport
• Requires no chemical energy
• 4 types
– Diffusion
– Facilitated diffusion
– Filtration
– Osmosis
Diffusion
• Movement of particles
from an area of higher
concentration to an
area of lower
concentration
•
http://www.toltecint.com/how_dialysis_works
/diffusion.jpg
Facilitated diffusion
• the spontaneous passage
of molecules or ions
across a biological
membrane passing
through specific
transmembrane transport
proteins. The facilitated
diffusion may occur either
across biological
membranes or through
aqueous compartments
of an organism
•
http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScien
ceWork/ImagesCellBricks/facilitatedDiffusion
.jpg
Filtration
• movement of water and
solute molecules across
the cell membrane due to
hydrostatic pressure
generated by the
cardiovascular system.
Filtration is a mechanical
or physical operation
which is used for the
separation of solids from
fluids
•
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/thumb/8/86/Filtration_diagra
m.svg/238pxFiltration_diagram.svg.png
Osmosis
• Osmotic Pressure – water potential of the
two solutions
• Hypertonic – higher salt concentration
• Isotonic – same salt concentration inside
and out
• Hypotonic – lower salt concentration
Osmosis
• movement of water
molecules across a
partially-permeable
membrane down a water
potential gradient. More
specifically, it is the
movement of water
across a partially
permeable membrane
from an area of high
water potential (low
solute concentration) to
an area of low water
potential (high solute
concentration).
–
•
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis
http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/osmosis2.gif
Active Transport
• Movement against the concentration
gradient (from low to high
concentration)
–Active Transport
–Phagocytosis
–Pinocytosis
–Exocytosis
Active Transport
• Please print up to this
point in the ppt. I will
print copies of the
additional slides for
you!!!