PBS Final Exam Review 4th Period (Any missing activities is your responsibility to study on your own.)
Activity 1.1.1 a Mysterious Death Review Guide
Information for Anna Garcia Case: It was a hot, 92°F summer morning. The emergency call came in at 9:45
am. A man contacted the police to report that he was worried about his next door neighbor, a woman named
Anna Garcia. He informed the police that he had spoken to Anna the previous morning when he saw her
walking her dog around 6:30 am. He noted that she was wearing a sweater even though they were currently
experiencing a heat wave. He decided to call the police this morning because Anna’s dog had been barking
excitedly for the last two hours (which is extremely unusual in this normally quiet suburban neighborhood). He
tried to call Anna on the telephone, but no one answered. Next he tried ringing her doorbell, but there was no
answer. Both the police and the EMT arrived at the scene at 9:56 am. The front door had to be broken down.
Upon entering the house, they found Anna lying face down in the entry hallway. It was a comfortable 73˚F
inside the house. The EMT determined that Anna was dead.
Processing a Crime Scene and Concept Maps: The five basic tasks to process a crime scene include
interview, examine, photograph, sketch, and collect the evidence. To create a concept map for this you need to
do the following: 1) open the Inspiration software, 2) click the diagram icon, 3) type in the title, 4) insert an oval
with one of the five tasks typed inside it, 5) insert arrows going from the main idea to each task, 6) insert ovals
around the task ones to expand on the topic until you have said everything.
Questions
1. How many tasks must you do to fully process a crime scene?
a. 4
b. 7
c. 10
d. 5
2. Which of the following are parts of the basic five tasks to process a crime scene?
Task 1
Photograph
Sketch
Task 2
Take measurements
Task 3
Interview
Task 4
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
1,2,4
1,3,4
2,3
3. How did Anna Garcia’s neighbor describe the morning she was found dead?
a. Unusual
b. Normal
c. Quiet
d. Peaceful
4. Both Anna Garcia’s behavior was unusual because:
a. She was wearing a sweater in the middle of a heat wave
b. She let her dog continue be nosy in her usually quiet neighborhood
c. She did not answer the phone or answer the door
d. All of the above
5. What software do you use to make the concept map?
a. Imagination
b. Inspiration
c. Innovation
d. Illumination
*MiSSING 1.1.2 GUIDE and Questions
1.1.3 Careers in the Biomedical Sciences
911 OPERATOR
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CPR certified
high school degree
answering emergency calls and sending response teams
undergo an extensive training program of 3 to 6 months
The 911 operator relates to Anna’s case because the person who was suspicious of something might have happened
dialed 911, and the 911 telephone operator answers
EMT
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high school degree and some college courses before training
training requires 120 hours minimum, or 6 months
CPR certified
must pass a state certification test (SCT)
must study anatomy,physiology,and advanced life support
giving first aid, working in ambulances
training occurs in the classroom,ambulances,hospitals,and fire departments
When in an emergency or hurt or endangered peoples the 911 operator would send a dispatch team of EMT’s in an
ambulance along with the police to help any wounded people.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATOR
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must hold a basic law degree in criminology
must have twenty-twenty vision
must be citizen of the country
can not have a criminal record that is less than 10 years old (includes DWIs)
must hold a bachelors degree in forensic medicine and science
daily activities include collecting and examining evidence found in a crime scene
work with evidence boards
When it was discovered Anna Garcia was dead and the cause was unknown the case was handed over to the CSI agents
who would look for evidence and take crime scene pictures to try and help solve the mysterious death of Anna Garcia.
Questions
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
What are the minimum hours of training required for an EMT?
150
100
120
60
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A Crime Scene Investigator must be all EXCEPT which of the following?
a citizen of the country
have twenty-twenty vision
over the age of 25
cannot have a criminal record that is less than 10 years old
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Why did the 911 operator relate to the case of Anna Garcia?
Anna called 911
Someone found her body in a dumpster and called 911
A 911 operator found Anna’s body
The concerned neighbor called 911 and the operator answered
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
When becoming an EMT you must pass a test called the SCT, what does SCT stand for?
State Certification Test
Systems & Computer Technology
Standard Completion Test
System Certification Test
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
What two degrees are required to become a Crime Scene Investigator?
law degree in criminology and forensic medicine and sciences
forensic medicine and sciences and physiology
psychology and criminology
none of the above
Activity 1.1.4 “The Evidence” Review Guide
Blood, DNA, Fingerprints, and shoeprints helps Forensic Investigators determine suspects. Every person has some
differences that the Forensic see and use to find out who committed the crime. In this section, we studied and analyzed
evidence in different stations such as fingerprints, identifying an unknown substance, examined the shoeprints and hair,
and ran blood tests.
Part II: Identifying Unknown substance Forensic Chemists use two types of test, Presumptive and Confirmatory.
Presumptive (calorimetric tests) indicate which type of substance is shown, but can’t specifically identify it. Confirmatory
tests (gas chromatography)/mass spectrometry are tests that can identify the substance.
Station 1/ Blood: There are 4 blood types; a blood type A, B, AB, and O. Each person has one of these types. Differences
between the blood types are from the presence/absence of antigens (protein molecules). Antigens are located on the
surface of red blood cells and anti-bodies in the plasma (liquid blood portion). Note: People can have the same blood
type.
Station 2 /Hair: Hair at microscopic level can provide info. on the owner’s race, gender, and possible age. The structure
of the hair consists of Keratin, the Cuticle, Medulla, and cortex. The Keratin is a protein that is also in nails and skin. The
Cuticle is the outer layer of hair that consists of flattened/ scale-like cells that overlap each other. Medulla is the inner
layer that is continuous/discontinuous fragmentary, or even absent. The Intermediate Layer is the home to pigment
containing granules (affects hair color).
Station 3/ Fingerprints: Fingerprints are the tiny raised spiral and concentric patterns called ridges found on the tip of
each finger. Fingerprints consist of different patterns and styles.
Arches- slope upward and then downward, there are two kinds tented and plain.
Plain- slope slightly up, cascades back down on one side of finger
Tented- similar to plain, but the ridges of the center merge upward in appearance of a tent.
Loops- Begins on one side of finger, curves upward/around, and exits other side
Radial- slope toward thumb
Ulnar- slope toward little finger
Whorl- forms circular/spiral patterns
Minutiae- tiny fingerprint details, there are 12 minutiae
Station 4/ Shoeprints: Soles of shoeprints may contain different patterns/ shapes, but may have the same brand.
Still, the differences can be spotted, because of the way it is made. The appearance of the shoe may fade depending on
the weight & walk. The size can be determined by a shoe.
Study Questions
1) Based on what you know about hair, briefly (in 3 sentences least) yet informally describe each of the hair
layers.
The Cuticle is the outermost layer of hair that consists of flattened/ scale-like cells that overlap each other.
Medulla is the innermost layer that is continuous/discontinuous fragmentary, or even absent. The Intermediate
Layer is the home to pigment containing granules (affects hair color).
2) On an early Saturday Morning, Stacy went out for a walk. She stopped and notices there were a pair of
muddy shoeprints that were the same shape and style, but one was able to be seen clearly, and the other was
a little faded. What factor(s) caused the same details to be seen differently?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Weight and walk
Speed and Stance
Balance and Position
Strength and Walk
3) Based on what you’ve learned from fingerprints, which of the following is a Tented Arched Fingerprint.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4) Identify the location of the medulla in the following picture.
Part 4
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
a.
b.
c.
d.
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
5) Valerie ran a test to examine the substance she picked up from the library, the test did not specifically
identify the substance, but shown what type it is. What kind of test did she run?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Confirmatory
Presumptive
Verification
Assumption
Activity 1.1.5 Review
Experimental Design
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Glaister’ Equation
Identify the Problem
Predict a solution
Design Experiment to test hypothesis
Do experiment
Analyze data and observations
State Conclusion
*98.4 - Rectal Temperature/1.5= estimated hours since
death
Ambient Temperature
The outside temperature surrounding an object
*Many factors influence the rate of heat loss including clothing, victim size, and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. The body
core temperature can be measured rectally or with a hypodermic probe of the liver or brain, because of their large mass and density
Rigor Mortis
Lividity
Algor Mortis
Stiffening of muscles after death
cooling of blood after death
cooling of body after death
Questions:
1.
A student wants to find out if coffee has an effect on a person’s behavior. Design an experiment using the proper “Experimental Design.”
(Ans. Problem: the effect of coffee on a person’s behavior, Hypothesis: If a person drinks 1 cup of coffee, then he will be hyper,
Experiment: Two teenage boys (one who will drink the coffee, and one who will not), observations will be taken 30 minutes after
consumption) (Note: this will be all that is required, because we cannot physically run the experiment)
2.
It is found that the approximate hours of death was 4 hours ago. Find the rectal temperature.
Work: 98.4 X________/1.5=4
A)
B)
C)
D)
3.
1.5 X 4=6
98.4-6= 92.4
84
55
27
92.4
A man is presumed to be dead, because his blood reads 91.8 degrees, his body 93.4 degrees, and his body is erected. The last piece of
information regarding his body stiffness discusses…
A)Lividity
B) Rigor mortis
C) Algor MOrtis
D) Elgort Mortis
4. Look at the information
Ambient Temperature
Temperature Change
50 degrees
12.3
Room Temperature
3.18
0 degrees
26.3
What does this information say about the cooling of the body’s temperature?
A) As ambient temperatures decrease, the body’s temperature increases
B)As ambient temperatures decrease, the body’s temperature remains neutral
C)The body and ambient temperatures have a direct relationship with each other
D)Ambient temperatures have no effect on the body’s temperature
5) A dead body was found with stiff legs, cool blood, and a body temperature that dropped 5 degrees. The last piece of information regarding body
temperature describes…
a) Lividity
b) Algor Mortis
c) Rigor Mortis
D) Elgor Mortis
Missing 1.1.6
Activity 1.2.1 What is DNA?
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DNA is the genetic material of cells. It is a polymer, a large molecule made of repeating units, or monomers, called
nucleotides. It consists of three components:
o A nitrogenous base
o A sugar, called deoxyribose
o A phosphate group
Phosphate is on the outside
Nitrogenous bases on the inside
DNA is a double helix, made up of two strands
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions
There are 10 base pairs per turn of the double helix
DNA is a densely packed structure
The amount of adenine was always the same as thymine, and the amount of guanine was always the same as cytosine. This
is known as Chargaff’s rules.
A and G belong to a class of compounds called purines
C and T belong to a class of compounds called pyrimidines
The nucleotides bond, and the bond between paired nucleotides are called hydrogen bonds
Correctly paired nucleotides will easily stay linked because their bonds are very stable
Below is a picture of phosphates, deoxyribose, and the 4 nitrogenous bases. Note: The names of the four nitrogenous bases are
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
Here is a picture of DNA:
QUESTIONS
1: What is DNA made up of?
A: Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base
B: sugar, guanine, and cytosine
C: Nitrogenous Base, and thymine
D: phosphate group, sugar, adenine
2: What does adenine pair with?
A: Guanine
B: Cytosine
C: thymine
3: How many base pairs are there per turn of the double helix?
A: 5
B: 2
C: 10
D: 100
4: What is the bond between two nucleotides called?
A: Hydrogen bond
B: nucleotide bond
C: bond
D: nucleotide hydrogen bond
5: What makes up the purines, and what makes up the pyrimidines?
A: Purines: A&C Pyrimidines: T&G
B: Purines: A&G Pyrimidines: T&C
C: Purines: A&T Pyrimidines: C&G
D: Purines: T&C Pyrimidines: A&G
Missing 1.2.2
Missing 1.2.3
1.3.1 AUTOPSY Information/diagrams
The organ systems in humans are
Integumentary System
External covering protects deeper tissue helps regulate body
temperature.
Skin, hair, nails
Skeletal System
Protects and supports organs, structure, stores minerals
Bones joints
Muscular System
Moves Body and substances, maintains posture, produces heat
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle
Nervous System
Responds to internal and external changes, processes information
Spinal cord, brain, sensory receptors,
nerves
Cardiovascular system
Pumps blood around body, transports oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients and waste.
Heart, blood vessels
Respiratory System
Assists with gas exchange with the external environment; keeps blood
supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Lungs, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus
Lymphatic and Immune
System
Filters fluid in the body; mounts the attack against foreign substances
in the body.
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone
marrow
Digestive System
Breaks down food into molecules; absorbs nutrients; rids the body of
waste.
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, liver
Urinary System
Eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood.
Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.
Adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovary,
testis
Five manners of death- Natural, accident, homicide, suicide, and undermined
Medical Examiner
Coroner
Officially hired by definition is a physician
Elected to the job
Appointed to the job
Typically in rural areas
Forensic pathologist
ID body, collect personal belongings, sign death certificate.
Autopsy dissection order
1.
X-ray the body (through the body bag)
2.
Use a body block to protrude the chest and crack chest in a ‘Y’ shape (left shoulder, right shoulder, meet at ribs split until pubic
bone. (the body block will make it much more easy to cut)
3.
Peel back skin with a scalpel, to reveal ribcage
4.
Detach the: larynx, various arteries, esophagus, and ligaments in the ribcage.
5.
Then detach the spinal cord, bladder and rectum.
6.
Dissect those in detail. A.k.a. weigh, take tissue and vessel samples
7.
Open and examine and weigh stomach, and stomach contents
8.
Remove the body block, and place behind the neck.
9.
Remove the brain by, cut with a scalpel from ear to ear, then across the forehead. Pull back skin.
10.
Use the electric saw, remove the cap, with the Dura still attached.
11.
Expose the brain, remove the brain.
12.
Examine individual unexamined organs
13.
Dress for funeral home
1.3.1 Potential final questions
1. What body system would first distinguish that it is hot outside? Then help regulate body temperature
after distinguishing this?
A. Lymphatic and Immune System
B. Nervous System
C. Integumentary System
D. Endocrine System
2. Which bone do you want to stop cutting at while cracking the chest?
A. Left Shoulder
B. Right Shoulder
C. Sternum
D. Public bone
3. The pituitary gland is a gland located in the brain that secretes hormones that signal puberty to begin.
This gland is a part of which body system?
A. Endocrine System
B. Nervous System
C. Skeletal System
D. Urinary System
4. After using the electric saw and when starting to remove the cap be sure that the _______ is still
attached.
A. Brain
B. Dura
C. Scalp
D. Hair
5. What is the body block’s most important purpose?
A. To make organs easier to view
B. To protrude the chest, making it easier to cut
C. To raise the body to a more comfortable angle for the medical examiner/ coroner
D. To push the organs upward
1.3.2 Confidentiality
What is HIPAA Privacy Rule?
Health
HIPAA privacy Rule regulates how medical professional and
other people use and disclose certain individually
identifiable health information.
Insurance
Portability and
Accountability
Act
Maintaining Confidentiality:
Information that is protected:
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Individual’s name, address, birth
date, social security number, etc.
Individual’s past, present, or future
physical or mental health or
condition
The health care services provided to
the individual
The past, present, or future
payment for health care services
provided to the individual
 Professionals are not to speak about patients. Only to
other professionals that are also working with the patient
 Patient records should not be left in public areas
unattended where anyone could easily look at them
 Professional may NOT leave messages regarding the
patient’s health to anyone other than the patient without the
patient’s consent
 Professionals may only disclose health information to a
family member if the patient is present during the disclosure
When Can Health Information
Be Shared?
 Providing information needed for payment of benefits or health coverage
 Disclosing information to specific agencies as required by public health laws for
the purpose of:
 Controlling infectious disease
 Preventing injury
 Preventing child abuse, neglect, or domestic violence
 Preventing any serious threat to public health or safety
 Complying with workmen’s compensation laws
 Assisting coroners or medical examiners to identify a deceased person
 Telling someone that is your legal representative if you are under the age of 18
Questions
1. In which scenario is it ok to share health information to someone besides the patient?
a. A teacher telling her co-worker about one of her students health
b. A doctor discussing loudly with another doctor about a patient’s health at the
super market
c. A doctor reporting back to the mom of a patient under the age of 18
d. A doctor leaving a message about a patient’s lab result to the patient’s kid
2. What identifiable health information must be kept confidential?
a. The individual’s name
b. The individual’s mental health
c. The individual’s birthdate
d. All of the above
3. When would it be appropriate for health information to be disclosed?
a. When providing information needed for payment of benefits or health coverage
b. When the husband demands to know he wife’s lab results
c. When a doctor meets the patient’s friend for lunch and the friend asks
d. When the patient doesn’t pick up the phone but his wife does
4. In which scenario is disclosing information illegal?
a. When providing information for legal proceedings
b. When assisting coroners or medical examiners to identify a deceased person
c. When complying with workmen’s compensation laws
d. When talking about a patient to another doctor in a public area
5. In what ways can professional help maintain confidentiality?
a. Professionals cannot tell any information to the parents of a 12 year old
b. Professionals can leave records in a public space unattended
c. Professionals may disclose information to a family member only when the patient
is present during the time
d. Professionals can leave a message about a patient’s health to anyone as long as
they are family
Activity 1.3.3 Was It a Crime.
 Cause of death:The cause of death is the disease or injury that produces the
physiological disruption inside the body resulting in death, for example, a gunshot wound
to the chest
 Manner of death: explains how the cause of death arose.
 There are four main manners of death:
 Homicide: The taking of one human life by another human being by means of premeditated murder (purposely planned).
 Accident: non -intended or involuntarily.
 Natural:Quite simply when the body ceases to function of its own accord or if there are
mitigating medical factors such as terminal illness, heart disease or the like, which
would bring about death , aging.
 Suicide: The deliberate taking of one's own life due to extreme emotional distress
often brought about by severe depression.
A pathologist is a physician who examines tissues, checks the accuracy of lab tests, and
interprets the results in order to facilitate the patient’s diagnosis and treatment.
To find the correct cause and manner of death, a pathologist is included to examine the
patient’s body.
Toxicologists determine how harmful chemicals can be counteracted in case of a spill,
improper use or deliberate poisoning. They help in investigation to find out if a certain body
has any drug or chemicals in it.
Medical examiners have several different duties since some of their work takes place at
crime scenes, and the other half takes place in the facility or laboratory. At crime scenes, they
examine and document injuries, collect the remains of the body and transport it. In a crime lab
they perform autopsies while in courts they testify for the defense or prosecution.
Morgue assistant assists pathologists in preparing bodies and organ specimens for
examination, while also maintaining the morgue room, supplies and equipment.
Medical examiners and coroners there is a slight difference between a medical examiner
and a coroner. A medical examiner is a licensed professional physician while coroner is just a
selected person who is not professional. A medical examiner the one who identifies the
manner of death.
QUESTIONS
1. What is the meaning of the manner of death?
a) An injury
b) Explains how the cause of death arose
c) A disruption inside the body
d) A homicide
2. What kind of physician is specialized in the diagnosis and management of human disease by
laboratory methods?
a) Toxicologist
b) Pharmacist
c) Biochemist
d) Pathologist
3). How would a toxicologist assist in a crime scene?
a) They help in investigation if a body has a certain drug or chemical in it
b) Examine and document injuries
c) Interprets the results of a lab
d) Assists in preparing dead bodies
4). Which of the following is an example of a manner of death?
a) Gunshot
b) Puke
c) Suicide
d) Flu
5. Who determined the manner of death after the autopsy has been performed.
a) Toxicologist
b) Medical examiner
c) Coroner
d) Biochemist
Activity Review Guide 2.1.1 Diagnosing Diabetes
Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of
glucose in the blood.
Glucose Tolerance Testing (GTT)- monitors the amount of sugar in the liquid portion of blood called plasma, a set time
period and gives doctors information as to how the body utilizes sugar. It is used to only indicate whether or not a
person has diabetes, but it cannot be used to determine whether a person has Type 1 or Type 2. When a person is doing
the Glucose Tolerance Testing the patient is given a large amount of sugar after they have not eaten for a certain
amount of time. Then the person is running the test examines how the patient’s body responds to the sugar by watching
the glucose levels in the blood. If the glucose levels stay high most of the time than the person is mostly has diabetes.
Insulin Level Testing- To determine whether a patient has Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, you need to test the level of insulin
in the patient’s blood.
To figure out if a person is diabetic they would have a prolonged rise in blood glucose levels. A lack of insulin in the
blood at each period would indicate that she is a Type 1 diabetic, thus the person is not producing insulin and their
glucose levels would remain elevated over the time period. Now if the insulin test reveals a normal level of insulin in the
blood in response to increased levels of glucose, but they have a prolonged rise in blood glucose levels would indicate
they have Type 2 Diabetes. Now if the person has a brief rise in glucose levels, but stays within the range of normal the
person would be seen as not diabetic, but could be considered pre-diabetic.
Type 1 Diabetes
• The body makes little or no insulin
• Treatment: Injections of insulin, Sometimes medicine by mouth, Dietary plan, physically active, regular checkup of
blood sugar levels, Controlling blood pressure, and Monitoring cholesterol levels.
• Find out about has a child or teenager
• Cause: Beta cells in pancreas are being attacked by body's own cells and therefore cannot produce insulin to take
sugar out of the blood stream. Insulin is not produced
Type 2 Diabetes
•
Affects middle-aged and older people
•
The body produces insulin, but the body does not permit this hormone to effectively do its job
•
Treatment: Using diabetes medicines, sometimes insulin injections, Healthy food choices, Exercise, SelfMonitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG), controlling blood pressure, and monitoring cholesterol levels.
•
Preventable and can be delayed with a healthy diet and exercise
•
Warning signs: blurred vision, excessive itching, and skin infections, sores that heal slowly, dry, itchy skin, pins and
needles or numbness in feet.
•
Cause: Diet related insulin release is so large and frequent that receptor cells have become less sensitive to the
insulin. This insulin resistance results in less sugar being removed from the blood
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
•
Glucose builds up in blood
•
Must be physically active
•
Control blood pressure levels
•
Control cholesterol levels
•
Must make healthy food choices
•
Warning signs: very thirsty, urinating frequently, rapid weight loss, feeling very hungry, feeling extreme weakness
and fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and irritability
•
Complications: Diabetic coma or ketoacidosis (from high blood sugar), High blood pressure, Hypoglycemia (low
blood sugar), Nephropathy, Blindness, Heart attack, Kidney disease, Stroke, Neuropathy, and Amputation.
•
Diagnosis you can use but not all are recommended: A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, or
glycohemoglobin test, Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, and Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Questions
Time of Blood Collection (minutes
after drinking glucose solution)
Glucose Level in the Blood
(milligrams/deciliter)
Anna Garcia
Glucose Level in the Blood
(milligrams/deciliter)
Patient A
Glucose Level in the Blood
(milligrams/deciliter)
Patient B
0 (Baseline Level)
150
150
150
30
175
175
200
60
225
175
225
90
225
175
225
120
200
150
200
1. Using the chart given above tell who as diabetes and who doesn’t.
A. Anna: Does not have Diabetes; Patient A: Does have Diabetes; Patient B: Does have Diabetes
B. Anna: Does have Diabetes; Patient A: Does have Diabetes; Patient B: Does have Diabetes
C. Anna: Does have Diabetes; Patient A: Does not have Diabetes; Patient B: Does have Diabetes
D. Anna: Does not have Diabetes; Patient A: Does not have Diabetes; Patient B: Does not have Diabetes
2. The risk factors for type 1 diabetes include _____.
A. Blurred vision
B. Being overweight
C. Skin Infections
D. Excessive itching
3. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed through _____.
A. Weight loss
B. Lifestyle interventions
C. Exercise
D. All of the options listed are correct.
4. After a meal, blood glucose levels increase and stimulate the secretion of which hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Pancreatisome
C. Glycogen
D. Glucagon
Time of Blood Collection (minutes after
drinking insulin solution)
Insulin Level in the Blood
(milligrams/deciliter)
Anna Garcia
Insulin Level in the Blood
(milligrams/deciliter)
Patient A
Insulin Level in the Blood
(milligrams/deciliter)
Patient B
0 (Baseline Level)
50
100
100
30
50
150
250
60
50
400
400
90
50
400
400
120
50
250
250
5. Using the chart above and the chart from the first question, tell whether they have Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Anna: Type 1 Diabetes; Patient A: Not Diabetic; Patient B: Type 2 Diabetes
Anna: Not Diabetic; Patient A: Type 1 Diabetes; Patient B: Type 1 Diabetes
Anna: Type 2 Diabetes; Patient A: Type 2 Diabetes; Patient B: Not Diabetic
Anna: Type 1 Diabetes; Patient A: Not Diabetic; Patient B: Type 1 Diabetes
Missing 2.1.2
2.1.3 Feedback Loop Review Guide
The human body maintains homeostasis, a steady state, by monitoring changes in the internal and external environment
and feeding this information back to the body so that it can make necessary change. The control of body temperature,
heart rate, and the concentration of sugar in the blood are all regulated by these feedback mechanisms or feedback
loops. There are actually two types of feedback mechanisms: negative feedback and positive feedback. In this instance,
the terms positive and negative do not infer good or bad. Instead, the terms refer to the effect the input of information
(feedback) has on the output (action) of the system.
Positive feedback causes a reinforcement of the original action, so the input causes the reaction to increase
. Negative feedback causes the system to stop doing the original action and to either take no action or to perform an
opposite action.
While our nervous system communicates using electrical signals, the body’s endocrine system uses chemical signals,
called hormones, to regulate body functioning. Hormones are proteins involved in maintaining the body’s homeostasis.
These chemical messengers carry signals from one cell to another and regulate many of the body’s functions, including
growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction. Hormones are secreted by tissues in the body referred to as
glands. Each hormone has a specific list of target tissues, and in many cases these include other endocrine glands.
Hormones are a vital component of the body’s feedback system. Insulin is one of the key hormones that helps maintain
a healthy blood sugar level.
‘
Questions
1.What does homeostasis do for our body? a steady state, by monitoring changes in the internal and external
environment and feeding this information back to the body so that it can make necessary change
2.How does negitive feedback react to an issue? it completly stops it without trying to fix it
3. How does positive feedback react to an issue? it gets reinforcements and atttemps to fix the problem.
4. What is one of insulins many purposes? Its one of the key hormones that maintain healthy blood sugar level.
5. What else are hormones referred to? Chemical signals
Activity 2.2.1 Food Testing Review Guide
● The main nutrients in our food are classified as carbohydrates (sugars and starches), lipids (fats and
oils), and proteins.
● Carbohydrates are a great source of energy.
● Proteins help build tissue, fight diseases, and faciliate chemical reaction.
● Lipids include cell membrane and hormone production.
● Benedict’s solution is an indicator that can be used to test for simple sugars, such as glucose.
Benedict’s solution is light blue in color. However, when it is heated in the presence of simple sugars, it
turns from blue to green or yellow/orange or even red.The final color depends on the amount and type
of sugar. Benedict’s solution need to be heated to work properly.
● Lugol’s Iodine can be used as an indicator for starch, a complex carbohydrate. Lugol’s Iodine is yellow
or light brown in color; in the presence of starch, it turns dark purple or even black.
● Biuret solution is a protein indicator. Biuret solution is a light blue color; in the presence of protein, the
color changes to purple. The shade or darkness of the color depends on the type and concentration of
the protein, and can range from a very light purple to a deep purple.
● Fats and lipids leave a translucent mark on brown paper. Translucent means light can pass through,
although distinct images may not be seen through it. Most foods can be applied directly to brown
paper to test for lipids; dry foods can be tested once they are made into an alcohol extract. This is done
by grinding the food, placing it in alcohol, and applying samples of the liquid extract to the paper.
Activity 2.2.1 Food Testing Questions
1.
When testing food items, a certain food in the benedict’s solution turned a yellow/orange color. What nutrient was present in that food that made it and
the solution change in color?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lipids
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats and Oils
2.
Which of the following food items change dark purple when Lugol’s Iodine and that food was mixed together?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Apple Juice
Whole Milk
Blueberries
Whole Wheat Toast
3.
Glucose
Starch
Protein
Lipids
Apple Juice
Yes
No
No
Yes
Whole Milk
Yes
No
Yes
No
Anna’s Stomach
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Which Solution work for all the food items in the above chart?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Benedict’s Solution
Lugol’s Iodine
Biuret Solution
Brown Paper
4.
__________ solution is a protein indicator. _________ solution is a light blue color; in the presence of protein, the color changes into purple. The shade or
darkness of the color depends on the type and concentration of the protein, and can range from a very light purple to a deep purple. Which of the
following fits the blanks?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Benedict’s solution
Lugol’s Iodine
Biuret solution
Brown Paper
5.
Carbohydrates include which of the following.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fats and Oils
Sugars and Starches
Fats and Starches
sugars and Oils
Missing 2.2.2
Activity 2.2.3: The Biochemistry of Food
Biochemistry- the study of chemical process in living organism
Elements of the human body
Four major elements make up 96% of the body:
 Oxygen
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
Symbol for elements
First letter is capital
Ex: carbon- C
Second letter if included is lowercase
Ex: iron- Fe
Atoms
 Elements are made of subatomic particles
 Atoms are the smallest whole particles of an element
 Atoms have 3 major subatomic particles:
o Protons- positive charge, located in nucleus, number of protons = atomic number
o Electron- negative charge, orbits around nucleus, electrons = number of protons
o Neutron- no charge, located in nucleus
 Valence electron want a full shell to complete the octet rule
Type of Bonds
Chemical Bonds
Formed due to the force of attraction
between the atoms
Ionic Bonds
Formed by the attraction of opposite charges
Covalent Bonds
Share electrons
H
H
O



Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms can bond with anything they fit with
A molecule is stable only if it has no available pegs or slots; proteins are an exception
Molecules are formed when two or more molecules are joined together
Chemical Reaction: Occurs when atoms, molecules, or ions interact
Ex: X+Y
XY
Reactants
reacts to form
Product
1. When does a chemical reaction occur?
A. When atoms interact
B. When molecules interact
C. When ions interact
D. All of the above
2. Which subatomic particle is equal to the atomic number?
A. Neutrons
B. Protons
C. Electron
D. Atoms
X+Y
XY
3. What is the picture shown above called?
A. Octet rule
B. Bonds
C. Chemical reaction
D. Chromosomes
4. Where are the neutrons located at?
A. In the nucleus
B. In the orbits
C. In the protons
D. In the electrons
5. What is the charge of the electrons?
A. Positive
B. Negative
C. No charge
D. None of the above
Activity Review Guide
2.2.4
Energy from Food
Every bit of food you eat gives you some amount of energy. The amount of energy and the amount of time it lasts will
differ in the large variety of foods. Your body breaks down the food bit by bit and captures the energy released from the
food to be used to power your body functions
Macromolecules come together and for monomers that then form polymers. The body gets energy from breaking
hydrogen bonds. A monomer has very few hydrogen bonds but a polymer has many
The body ultimately uses macromolecules to get energy. The preferred macromolecule to use as an energy source is a
carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are further broken down into their component sugar molecules through the process of
hydrolysis. Sugars, such as glucose, are then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine. The glucose
molecules travel to the body’s cells where a series of chemical reactions, known as cellular respiration, ultimately make
adenosine triphosphate, ATP.
Calories are a way to measure how much energy you are getting from the food you’re eating. a calorie is the amount of
energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1° C. The number of calories in a piece of food is determined by
measuring the increase in temperature of a known volume of water when a portion of the food is burned.
The average person eats 2000 calories a day.
1. how many calories are in a Cheerio if the water weighs 76.5 and the cheerio increases the temperature
of the water to 23.29 from 23.01
A. 214.2
B. 72.58
C. 45.84
2. what is the preferred macromolecule to be used as an energy source
A.
B.
C.
D.
Protein
Nucleic acid…
Lipids
Carbohydrates
3. What does ATP stand for adenosine tri-phosphate?
4. Is this model a monomer or a polymer?
A. monomer
B. Polymer
5. How many Calories does the average person eat?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1500
2000
1750
2250
2.3.1 Life with Diabetes
Diabetes:
A person who has diabetes suffers by having a metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin
which causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood.
Recommendations for a diabetic: You should eat healthy and exercise to maintain a healthy weight and treating and doing things for
your body that can only turn out positive.
Type 1 Diabetes vs. Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Symptoms usually start in childhood or young
adulthood. People often seek medical help,
because they are seriously ill from sudden
symptoms of high blood sugar.
The person may not have symptoms before diagnosis.
Usually the disease is discovered in adulthood, but an
increasing number of children are being diagnosed with the
disease.
Does not produce Insulin
Produces insulin, but the body does not permit this hormone
to effectively do its job
It cannot be prevented.
It can be prevented or delayed with a healthy lifestyle,
including maintaining a healthy weight, eating sensibly,
and exercising regularly.
Role of blood sugar monitoring and adjusting:
Sugar monitoring helps people with diabetes manage the disease and avoid problems that are associated with it. It can help them
make decisions about food, physical activity, and medications. A common way to check glucose level involves pricking a fingertip
with an automatic lancing device to obtain a blood sample and then using a glucose meter to measure the blood samples glucose
level. People with type 1 diabetes have to take insulin as a part of their treatment plan.
Careers that are assistances to a diabetic:
Nutritionist or dietician – experts in food and nutrition that advise diabetics on what to eat in order to have a healthy lifestyle
Endocrinologist – trained physicians who diagnose diseases related to glands
Primary care physician- provides both the first contact for a person with an undiagnosed health concern as well as continuing care of
varied medical conditions
Certified diabetic educator (CDE)- provides knowledge and experience in diabetic management
Ophthalmologist- medical and surgical eye problems
Clinical researcher- supervises, monitors, and supports the administration and progress of a clinical trial on behalf of a sponsor
Podiatrist- study of diagnosis, medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot or ankle
Psychologist or Psychiatrist- study cognitive, emotional, and social processes by observing how people relate to another and their
environment
1. What is one difference between type 1 and type 2 Diabetes?
A. People with type 1 diabetes produce insulin while type 2 does not.
B. Type 2 diabetes cannot be prevented while type 1 can.
C. Type 2 produces insulin, but the body does not permit this hormones to effectively do its job, while type 1
does not produce insulin at all.
D. No difference.
2. What career could not be an assistance to a person with diabetes?
A. Primary Care physician
B. Nutritionist or dietitian
C. Psychologist
D. Farmer
3. What is a common way to check glucose level?
A. Calling the doctor
B. Pricking your finger with an automatic lancing device
C. Looking it up online
D. None of the above
4. What would be a recommendation for a good lifestyle of a diabetic?
A. Eating the right foods and maintaining a healthy weight
B. Eating junk food every day
C. Not exercising
D. Starving yourself
5. Which Type of Diabetes usually is present during early childhood or a young age?
A. Type 3
B. Type 1
C. Type 2
D. None of the above