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Chapter 10
Distributed Database
Management Systems
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Management, Fifth Edition, Rob and Coronel
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In this chapter, you will learn:
• What a distributed database management system
(DDBMS) is and what its components are
• How database implementation is affected by
different levels of data and process distribution
• How transactions are managed in a distributed
database environment
• How database design is affected by the
distributed database environment
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Evolution of DDBMS
• Decentralized database management systems (DDBMS)
– Interconnected computer systems
– Data/processing functions reside on multiple sites
• 1970’s: Centralized DBMS
• 1980’s: Social and Technical Changes
– Ad hoc capability required
– Decentralized management structure common
• 1990’s: New forces
– Internet and the World Wide Web used for data access and
distribution
– Data analysis through data mining and data warehousing
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DDBMS Advantages
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Data located near site with greatest demand
Faster data access
Faster data processing
Growth facilitation
Improved communications
Reduced operating costs
User-friendly interface
Less danger of single-point failure
Processor independence
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DDBMS Disadvantages
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Complexity of management and control
Security
Lack of standards
Increased storage requirements
Greater difficulty in managing data environment
Increased training costs
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Distributed Processing
Shares database’s logical processing among
physically, networked independent sites
Figure 10.1
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Distributed Database
Stores logically related database over physically
independent sites
Figure 10.2
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Distributed Database
vs. Distributed Processing
• Distributed processing
– Does not require distributed database
– May be based on a single database on single
computer
– Copies or parts of database processing functions
must be distributed to all data storage sites
• Distributed database
– Requires distributed processing
• Both
– Require a network to connect components
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Functions of DDBMS
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Application/end user interface
Validation to analyze data requests
Transformation to determine request components
Query optimization to find the best access
strategy
Mapping to determine the data location
I/O interface to read or write data
Formatting to prepare the data for presentation
Security to provide data privacy
Backup and recovery
DB Administration
Concurrency Control
Transaction Management
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Centralized Database
Figure 10.3
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 5th Edition, Rob & Coronel
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Fully Distributed Database
Management System
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 5th Edition, Rob & Coronel
Figure 10.4
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DDBMS Components
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Computer workstations
Network hardware and software components
Communications media
Transaction processor (TP)
– Also called application manager (AP) or
transaction manager (TM)
• Data processor (DP)
– Also called data manager (DM)
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Distributed Database Components
Figure 10.5
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DDBMS Protocols
• Interface with network to transport data and
commands between DPs and TPs
• Synchronize data received from DPs and route to
appropriate TPs
• Ensure common database functions
– Security
– Concurrency control
– Backup and recovery
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Levels of Data and Process
Distribution
Database systems can be classified based on
process distribution and data distribution
Table 10.1
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Single-Site Processing, Single-Site
Data (SPSD)
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All processing on single CPU or host computer
All data are stored on host computer disk
DBMS located on the host computer
DBMS accessed by dumb terminals
Typical of mainframe and minicomputer DBMSs
Typical of 1st generation of single-user
microcomputer database
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Single-Site Processing, Single-Site
Data (con’t.)
Figure 10.6
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Multiple-Site Processing, Single-Site
Data (MPSD)
• Requires network file server
• Applications accessed through LAN
• Variation known as client/server architecture
Figure 10.7
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Multiple-Site Processing,
Multiple-Site Data (MPMD)
• Fully distributed DDBMS with support for multiple
DPs and TPs at multiple sites
– Homogeneous I
• Integrate one type of centralized DBMS over the
network
– Heterogeneous
• Integrate different types of centralized DBMSs over a
network
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Heterogeneous Distributed Database
Scenario
Figure 10.8
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Distributed DB Transparency
• Allows end users to feel like only database user
• Hides complexities of distributed database
• Transparency features
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Distribution
Transaction
Failure
Performance
– Heterogeneity
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Distribution Transparency
• Allows management of a physically dispersed
database as though it were centralized
• Three Levels
– Fragmentation transparency
– Location transparency
– Local mapping transparency
Table 10.2
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Transaction Transparency
• Ensures transactions maintain integrity and
consistency
• Completed only if all involved database sites
complete their part of the transaction
• Management mechanisms
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Remote request
Remote transaction
Distributed transaction
Distributed request
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Remote Request
Figure 10.10
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Remote Transaction
Figure 10.11
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Distributed Transaction
Figure 10.12
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Distributed Requests
Figure 10.13
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Distributed Requests (con’t.)
Figure 10.14
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Distributed Concurrency Control
• Multisite, multiple-process operations more likely
to create data inconsistencies and deadlocked
transactions
• Problems
– Transaction committed by local DP
– One DP could not commit transaction’s result
– Yields inconsistent database
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Two-Phase Commit Protocol
• DO-UNDO-REDO protocol
– Write-ahead protocol
– Two kinds of nodes
• Coordinator
• Subordinates
• Phases
– Preparation
• Coordinator sends message to all subordinates
• Confirms all are ready to commit or abort
– Final Commit
• Ensures all subordinates have committed or aborted
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Performance Transparency
and Query Optimization
• Objective: Minimize total cost associated with
execution of request
• Main costs
– Access time
– Communication
– CPU time
• Basis for query optimization algorithms
– Optimum execution order
– Sites accessed to minimize communication costs
• Dynamic or static optimization
• Statistically based vs. rule-based query
optimization algorithms
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Distributed Database Design
• Partition database into fragments
– Horizontal
– Vertical
– Mixed
• Fragments to replicate
– Storage of data copies at multiple sites
– Fully, partially, unreplicated databases
• Data allocation
– Where to locate data
– Centralized, partitioned, replicated
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Client/Server Advantages Over DDBMS
• Client/server less expensive
• Client/server solutions allow use of
microcomputer’s GUI
• More people with PC skills than mainframe skills
• PC is well established in workplace
• Numerous data analysis and query tools exist
• Considerable cost advantages to off-loading
application development
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Client/Server Disadvantages
• Creates more complex environment with different
platforms
• Increased number of users and sites creates
security problems
• Training issues become more complex and
expensive
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Date’s 12 Commandments for
Distributed Databases
1. Local Site Independence
2. Central Site Independence
3. Failure Independence
4. Location Transparency
5. Fragmentation Transparency
6. Replication Transparency
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Date’s 12 Commandments for
Distributed Databases
7. Distributed Query Processing
8. Distributed Transaction Processing
9. Hardware Independence
10. Operating System Independence
11. Network Independence
12. Database Independence
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