AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
HISTORY & RESEARCH TERMS
Psychologists:
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchener
William James
John Watson
Sigmund Freud
Early History:
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt Psychology
Psychoanalytic
Empiricism
Nature-nurture issue
Contemporary Psychology:
Levels of analysis
Biopsychosocial approach
Evolutionary Perspective
Biological (Neuroscience) Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Behavioral Perspective
Social-Cultural Perspective
Subfields:
Psychometrics
Basic research
Developmental psychologists
Educational psychologists
School psychologists
Personality psychologists
Social psychologists
Applied research
Industrial-organizational psychologists
Human factors psychologists
Counseling v. Clinical psychologists
Psychologists v. Psychiatrists
General Research Terms:
Hindsight Bias
Overconfidence
Scientific method/hypothesis/theory
Operational definitions
Replication
Generalization
Validity
Reliability
Descriptive Research:
Case Study (strengths/weaknesses)
Survey (strengths/weaknesses)
Social Desirability Bias
Volunteer Bias
Population
Random sample
Naturalistic Observation
Correlations:
Correlation (strengths, weaknesses)
Correlation coefficient
Scatterplots
Positive, negative, no correlation
Illusory correlation
Experiments:
Strengths/weaknesses of experiments
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Experimental v. control group
Random assignment
Blind & double-blind studies
Placebo & placebo effect
Confounding variables
Steps to Ethical Research
Statistics:
Measures of central tendency (mean, median,
mode)
Positive and negative skew
Measures of variation (range, standard deviation)
Normal curve
Statistical significance
BIOLOGICAL PSYCH TERMS
Unit 3A
Central v. peripheral nervous systems
Autonomic v. somatic nervous systems
Sympathetic v. parasympathetic nervous systems
Neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Interneurons
Dendrites
Axon/terminal buttons
Myelin sheath
Resting potential
Depolarization/repolarization
Action potential (threshold)
Refractory period
All-or-none principle
Synapse
Receptor sites
Reuptake
Agonists v. antagonists
Excitatory v. inhibitory neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine
AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
Endocrine system
Hormones
Pituitary gland
Unit 3B
Lesioning
EEG
CT Scan
PET Scan
MRI
fMRI
Brainstem
Medulla
Pons
Reticular Formation
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus,
hypothalamus)
Cerebrum
Left v. right hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Cerebral cortex
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobes
Association areas (sensory & motor cortex)
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Glial cells
Plasticity/neurogenesis
Split brain procedure
Unit 3C
Behavior geneticists
Twin & adoption studies
Heritability
Nature v. nurture debate
Gene-environment interaction
Molecular genetics
Evolutionary psychologists
SENSATION & PERCEPTION TERMS
Sensation v. perception
Top-down v. bottom-up processing
Selective attention (cocktail effect)
Inattentional blindness
Change blindness
Psychophysics
Absolute thresholds
Subliminal stimulation
Signal detection theory
Difference threshold
Weber’s constant
Sensory adaptation
Transduction
VISION
Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina
Optic nerve, blindspot, fovea
Photoreceptors (rods & cones)
Bipolar cells & ganglion cells
Visual cortex
Feature detectors
Parallel processing
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
Opponent-Process Theory
Afterimages
Colorblindness
HEARING
Frequency & pitch
Amplitude & loudness
Outer ear, eardrum
Middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
Inner ear (cochlea, basilar membrane, semicircular
canals)
Auditory nerve
Hair cells
Auditory cortex
Conduction hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Frequency theory & volley principle
Place theory
TOUCH
Kinesthesis
Vestibular sense
Biological influences on pain (gate-control theory,
endorphins)
Psychological influences on pain
Social-cultural influences on pain
Ways of controlling pain
TASTE & SMELL
Taste receptors
Sensory interaction
Synaesthesia
Olfactory receptors
Connection to limbic system
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
Gestalt
Figure-ground relationship
AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Gestalt rules for grouping stimuli
Visual cliff experiment
Binocular cues for depth (retinal disparity)
Monocular cues for depth
Stroboscopic motion
Phi phenomenon
Perceptual constancies (size, shape, brightness,
color)
PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION
Perceptual adaptation
Perceptual set
Context effects on perception
Emotion & motivation and perception
CONSCIOUSNESS TERMS
SLEEP & CONSCIOUSNESS
Consciousness (define)
Conscious v. preconscious v. unconscious
Dual processing
Circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
NREM sleep v. REM sleep
Stages 1-4 of sleep (brain waves & characteristics)
Sleep spindles, K-Complexes
Hypnagogic sensations & hypnic jerks
Purposes of sleep
Sleep Theories
Effects of sleep deprivation
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
Narcolepsy
Night Terrors
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Sleep Apnea
Freud’s theory of dreams
Physiological theory of dreams
Activation-synthesis theory of dreams
Cognitive development theory of dreams
Information-processing theory of dreams
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic suggestions
Hypnosis & pain
Hypnosis as social phenomenon
Hypnosis as divided consciousness
Dissociation
DRUGS & CONSCIOUSNESS
Psychoactive drugs
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Physical v. psychological dependence
Addiction
Depressants (alcohol, barbiturates, opiates)
Stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines,
methamphetamine, Cocaine, ecstasy)
Hallucinogens (LSD, marijuana)
Near-death experience
Biological influences on drug use
Psychological influences on drug use
Social-cultural influences on drug use
LEARNING & MEMORY TERMS
Learning Terms
Learning (psychology’s definition)
Habituation
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment
UR/US/CR/CS
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
John Watson’s “Little Albert” study
Higher-order conditioning
Cognitive & biological factors in classical
conditioning
Operant conditioning
Thorndike’s puzzle boxes
Law of Effect
B.F. Skinner
Shaping
Positive/negative reinforcement
Positive/negative punishment
Primary v. conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
Immediate v. delayed reinforcement
Continuous v. partial reinforcement
Schedules of partial (intermittent)
reinforcement
Cognitive maps/latent learning
Cognitive & biological factors of operant
conditioning
Observational learning
Modeling
Mirror neurons
Albert Bandura’s bobo doll study
Memory Terms
Information processing
Atkinson-Shiffrin “three-box” processing
model
of memory
Parallel processing
Automatic v. effortful processing
Rehearsal
Ebbinghaus’ nonsense syllables & forgetting
curve
Spacing effect
Serial position effect (primacy, recency)
AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
Mnemonic devices (peg-word, method of loci)
Chunking
Iconic & echoic memory
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Flashbulb memories
Implicit v. explicit memories
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Roles of amygdala, hippocampus, &
cerebellum in memory
Recall v. recognition
Retrieval cues/priming
Déjà vu
Mood-congruent memory
State-dependent memory
Encoding failure
Storage decay
Retrieval failure
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Motivated forgetting
Misinformation effect
Source amnesia
False memories
Repression
THINKING & LANGUAGE TERMS
THINKING TERMS
Cognition
Concepts
Prototypes
Algorithms
Heuristics
Availability Heuristic
Representative Heuristic
Insight
Creativty (divergent thinking)
Confirmation Bias
Fixation
Mental set
Functional fixedness
Overconfidence
Belief perseverance
Intuition
Framing
LANGUAGE TERMS
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Semantics
Syntax
Receptive language
Productive language
Babbling stage
One-word stage
Two-word stage
Telegraphic speech
Operant Conditioning & Language Development
Noam Chomsky
Language acquisition device
Universal grammar
Linguistic determinism (Whorf)
Bilingual advantage (Lambert)
Thinking in images
DEVELOPMENT TERMS
Issues in Development
Nature v. Nurture
Continuity v. Stages
Stability v. Change
Physical Development
Habituation
Maturation
Motor development in infancy/early childhood
Infant reflexes (Moro, rooting, grasping, Babinski)
Memory in infancy/early childhood
Puberty
Primary & secondary sex characteristics
Menopause
Physical changes in later life
Sensory abilities in later life
Aging & memory
Theories of aging
Crystallized v. fluid intelligence
Attachment & Temperament
Critical periods and imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)
Stranger anxiety (Bowlby)
Body contact (Harlow)
“Strange Situation” (Ainsworth)
Secure attachment
Insecure attachment (insecure-avoidant, insecureambivalent)
Deprivation of attachment
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget
Schema
Assimilation v. Accommodation
Sensorimotor stage
Object permanence
Preoperational stage
Lack of conservation (centration)
Egocentrism (animism, artificialism)
AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Objective responsibility
Symbolic representation
Theory of mind
Concrete operational Stage
Decentration (conservation)
Subjective responsibility
Formal operational stage
Lev Vygotsky
Scaffolding, Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson
Eight stages of psychosocial development
Death & dying
Parenting & Gender Development
Self-concept
Authoritarian parenting
Authoritative parenting
Permissive parenting
Gender
Gender similarities
Gender differences
Gender & aggression
Gender & social power
Gender & social connectedness
Gender roles
Gender identity
Gender typing
Social learning theory
Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Postconventional morality
Carol Gilligan
PERSONALITY & INTELLIGENCE TERMS
PERSONALITY TERMS
Freud’s Psychoanalytic approach
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious minds
Id, ego, superego & principles
Defense mechanisms of the ego
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Denial
Displacement
Regression
Repression
Sublimation
Projection
Neo-Freudian theorists
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Carl Jung & collective unconscious
Projective tests
Thematic apperception test
Rorschach inkblot test
Trait Perspective
Gordon Allport
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Hans Eysenck
Biology & trait perspective
Big Five Personality Traits
Personality inventories (MMPI)
Person-situation controversy
The self & personality
Self & possible selves
Spotlight effect
Benefits of self-esteem
Individualism v. collectivism & the self
Humanistic approach
Abraham Maslow & self-actualization
Carl Rogers & person-centered perspective
Self-concept
Social-cognitive approach (Albert Bandura)
a.k.a. cognitive-behavioral approach
Reciprocal determinism
Internal v. external locus of control
Optimism v. pessimism
INTELLIGENCE TERMS
Charles Spearman & “g” factor
Factor analysis
L.L. Thurstone
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Savant syndrome
Sternberg’s three intelligences
Emotional intelligence (EQ)
Brain & intelligence
Sir Francis Galton & intelligence
Alfred Binet & intelligence
Mental age
Lewis Terman & innate IQ
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Achievement v. aptitude tests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Standardization & normal curve
Flynn effect
Reliability
Validity
Content Validity
Predictive Validity
Stability v. change in intelligence?
Extremes of intelligence
Nature v. nurture in intelligence (twin & adoption
AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
studies)
Heritability of intelligence
Environmental influences on intelligence
Group differences in IQ Test Scores
Bias in IQ tests
Stereotype Threat
DISORDERS & TREATMENT TERMS
DISORDERS TERMS
Criteria for abnormal behavior
DSM-IV
Biopsychosocial model
Medical model
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Agoraphobia
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis
Conversion Disorder
Mood/Affective Disorders
Major depression
Bipolar disorder
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Personality Disorders
Narcissistic personality
Antisocial personality
Avoidant personality
Schizoid personality
Schizophrenia
Delusions
Hallucinations
Flat affect
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Disorganized Schizophrenia
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Residual Schizophrenia
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Gender differences in disorders
Suicide
TREATMENT TERMS
Psychotherapy
Eclectic approach
Psychoanalysis
Free association
Transference
Psychodynamic Therapy
Cause of disorder
Aim of treatment
Humanistic Therapy
Cause of disorder
Aim of treatment
Client-centered therapy (Rogers)
Active listening
Unconditional positive regard
Behavioral Therapy
Cause of disorder
Aim of treatment
Counterconditioning
Exposure therapy
Systematic desensitization
Aversive Conditioning
Behavior modification
Token economy
Cognitive Therapy
Cause of disorder
Aim of treatment
Beck’s therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Group Therapy
Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotics
Tardive dyskinesia
Antianxiety drugs
Antidepressants, SSRIs
Lithium
ECT, rTMS
Psychosurgery
Lobotomy
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TERMS
Social Psychologists
Attribution Theory
Dispositional Attribution
Situational Attribution
Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-serving bias
Attitudes
Elaboration likelihood model
Central route to persuasion
Peripheral route to persuasion
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Zimbardo’s study & effects of role-playing on
attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Chameleon effect
Conformity
Solomon Asch’s Line Study (design, results)
Conditions that Strengthen Conformity
Normative Social Influence
Information Social Influence
Stanley Milgram’s experiment on obedience
AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Factors that influence obedience
Social facilitation
Social loafing
Deindividuation
Group polarization
Groupthink
Cultural norms & our behavior
Social control v. personal control
Minority influence
Prejudice
Stereotypes
Discrimination
Social Roots of Prejudice
Ingroup bias
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
Scapegoat theory
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
Outgroup homogeneity
Other-race effect (own-race bias)
Just World Phenomenon
Aggression
Genetic Influences
Neural Influences
Biochemical Influences
Aversive Events & aggression
Frustration-aggression principle
Social & cultural influences on aggression
Observing models of aggression
Social scripts
Video games/violent media & aggression
Attraction
Proximity (Mere exposure effect)
Physical Attractiveness
Similarity
Reward theory of attraction
“passionate love” v. “companionate love”
Equity
Self-disclosure
Altruism
Bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility)
When helping occurs
Norms for helping
Social exchange theory
Reciprocity norm
Social-responsibility norm
Social traps
Mirror-image perceptions
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Reducing conflict
Contact
Cooperation (Superordinate goals)
Communication
Conciliation (GRIT)
MOTIVATION & EMOTION TERMS
MOTIVATION TERMS
Instincts & instinct theory
Drive-reduction theory
Homeostasis
Incentives
Optimum arousal theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs & motivation
Hunger & motivation
Physiology of hunger
Glucose
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
Set point & basal metabolic rate
Psychology of hunger
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder
Social effects of obesity
Physiology of obesity
Genetics & obesity
Sexual motivation & sexual response cycle
The need to belong
EMOTIONS & STRESS TERMS
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory
Autonomic Nervous System & emotions
Physiological similarities & differences among
emotions
Cognition & emotion
Expressed emotion
Detecting emotion
Gender & emotion
Nonverbal behavior
Culture & emotional expression
Effects of facial expressions
Facial feedback hypothesis
Experienced Emotion
Learning & biology of Fear
Anger & Happiness
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Relative deprivation
Behavioral medicine
Health psychology
Stress & stressors
Stress response system
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Stress & health
Type A v. Type B personalities
Psychophysiological illnesses
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
AP PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW