The American Revolution
Chapter 4
Index
Section 1: The Colonies fight for their rights.
Section 2: The Revolution Begins
Section 3: The War for Independence
Section 4: The War Changes American Society
Bellringer
I worked to unite all Bostonians to oppose British tax polices and
helped the Massachusetts assembly organize resistance
against Britain by coauthoring a “circular letter”. Who am I?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Benjamin Franklin
Patrick Henry
Thomas Jefferson
Samuel Adams
Answer
D
Bellringer
The Stamp Act outraged colonists because
A.
B.
C.
D.
It made sending letters more expensive.
The stamps were printed in England, not in the
colonies.
It was the first direct tax on the colonists.
All the land between the new states and the
Mississippi River.
Answer
C
Bellringer
The group that was MOST hurt by the American
Revolution was
A.
B.
C.
D.
Federalists.
Loyalists.
Women.
African American.
Answer
B
Bellringer
As a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, The new United
States acquired
A.
B.
C.
D.
The area that would later become Alaska.
The area that would later become Oregon and
Washington.
Florida.
All the land between the new states and the
Mississippi River.
Answer
D
Bellringer
A major weakness of government under the Articles of
Confederation was
A.
B.
C.
D.
The lack of a strong central government.
An overzealous judiciary.
A legislature that had so many members that it was
difficult to make decisions.
The lack of a process for amending the Articles.
Answer
A
Bellringer
The purpose of the so-called Three-Fifths Compromise was
to determine
A.
B.
C.
D.
How senators would be elected to Congress from each
state.
How power would be divided between an upper
house and a lower house in congress.
How African Americans would be counted for
representation in Congress and for taxation.
How power would be shared between the federal
government and the states.
Answer
C
Ch 4-1: The Colonies Fight for their Rights
The French and Indian War (A.K.A. The Seven Years
War)
I.
Began as a result of struggle between British and French
for control in the Colonies.
Fighting began in colonies and later spread to Europe
Allies
A.
B.
C.
1.
2.
D.
French-Huron Indians and later Spain and Delaware Indians.
British- Colonists and later Iroquois Indian Tribes.
George Washington chosen by British to lead forces
against French in New England.
Ch. 4-1 cont.
The Albany Conference
E.
1.
2.
7 colonists were sent to meet with 150 Iroquois leader in Albany,
New York to prepare for war with France.
Achievements:
a)
Iroquois remained neutral
b)
Agreed to choose a single British commander
c)
Albany Plan of Union
1)
Created by Benjamin Franklin
2)
Proposed that the colonies united to form a federal
government.
3)
Plan was rejected.
Turning Point:
F.
Ch. 4-1 cont.
In 1755 French and Native American forces ambushed the British
troops near Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania.
Fighting spread to Europe (Seven Years War)
British Navy cuts off French supplies in the Americas.
1759- British defeat the French troops in Quebec.
A.
B.
C.
D.
a)
Fighting continues until 1763.
Treaty of Paris
G.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ended the War
French kicked out of North America
British takes control New France (Canada) and Louisiana east of
the Mississippi River except New Orleans.
Spain gave Florida to British in return for Cuba and Phillipines
which the British had seized.
France gave Spain New Orleans and all Louisiana west of
Mississippi River.
Activity
Ch. 4-1 cont.
The Colonies Grew Discontented
II.
The Proclamation Act of 1763:
A.
British planned to tax the colonies to pay off debt from French and Indian War.
Pontiac and other Native American tribes attacked forts on the frontier. As a
result the British issued the Proclamation Act of 1763.
1.
2.
a)
Drew a line from north to south along the Appalachian Mountains and declared
that colonists could not settle west of the line without the British Government’s
permission.
Customs Reform
B.
George Grenville issued taxes or custom duties to pay for debt.
Merchants smuggled goods in and out of America to avoid customs duties.
Grenville convinced Parliament to pass a law that sent smugglers to a new
vice-admiralty court in Nova Scotia run by naval officers who were
unsympathetic to smugglers.
1.
2.
3.
a)
Denied Colonist rights
1)
Trial by jury
2)
Didn’t follow British common law
3)
Right to trial by jury of peers
4)
Right to speed trial.
Ch. 4-1
John Hancock was among those tried for smuggling.
C.
Defended by John Adams
Found Guilty
Adams argued that the use of vice-admiralty courts denied colonists their
rights as British citizens.
1.
2.
3.
Sugar Act
D.
AKA American Revenue Act of 1764
Changed the tax rates levied on raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign
colonists. It also placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento and indigo.
Allowed British troops to seize goods without due process.
Samuel Adams along with James Otis wrote a pamphlet that argued the
colonists had no representatives in Parliament. “NO TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION”.
Currency Act of 1764 issued to slow inflation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a)
b)
Banned the use of paper money in the colonies.
Angered colonial farmers and artisans. They used paper money to pay back loans.
Ch. 4-1 cont.
Stamp Act Crisis
III.
To raise more money to pay for the war, Parliament passed the Stamp
Act in 1765.
A.
1.
The Quartering Act,
B.
1.
2.
3.
C.
D.
Stamps were required on most printed materials. The stamp tax was the first
direct tax Britain had ever placed on the colonists.
Passed by Parliament in 1765
Forced the colonists to pay more for their own defense by providing places to
stay for British troops in the colonies.
By the summer of 1765, mass meetings and demonstrations against the stamp
tax took place in the colonies.
Colonist ignored Stamp Act. Colonial merchants signed a
nonimportation agreement. The protests led to the Stamp Act being
repealed in 1766.
Parliament, in an effort to assert its control over the colonies, passed
the Declaratory Act, which gave them the power to make laws for
the colonies.
Ch. 4-1 cont.
The Townshend Acts
IV.
Townshend Acts.
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1767-Introduced by Charles Townshend.
Revenue Act of 1767 placed new customs duties on glass, lead,
paper, paint, and tea imported into the colonies.
Writs of assistance
Seize property without following due process.
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
B.
1.
John Dickinson
2.
stressed that only assemblies elected by colonists had the right to
tax them.
Protest Townshend Acts.
3.
Ch. 4-1 cont.
Townshend Acts cont.
IV.
Virginia Resolves
A.
Only the House had the right to tax Virginians.
Dissolved the Virginia House of Burgesses.
House of Burgesses passed non-importation laws.
1.
2.
3.
Sons of Liberty
B.
The Sons of Liberty encouraged colonists to support the boycott of British
goods.
Daughters of Liberty
1.
2.
a)
Began creating homespun and stopped drinking tea.
Boston Massacre
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
On March 5, 1770, British troops fired into a crowd of colonists in Boston.
Crispus Attucks and Michael Johnson were killed.
The British were viewed as tyrants who were killing people standing up for
their rights.
In response, Britain repealed the Townshend Acts, leaving only one tax—on
tea—to uphold its right to tax the colonies.
Ch. 4 Section 2: The Revolution Begins
Massachusetts Defies Britain
I.
Gaspee Affair
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Britain sent patrol ships to catch smugglers.
Patrol ship- Gaspee- was ran aground and was seized by colonists.
Suspects were taken to England for trial.
Violation of Trial by Jury of Peers.
Thomas Jefferson wanted colonies to create Committee of
Correspondence to communicate about British actions.
Boston Tea Party
B.
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
British East India Company was going Bankrupt.
Lord North passed the Tea Act of 1773
a)
Made East India’s tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea
American merchants feared it was the first step by the British to force them out
of business.
December 1773, tea ships from the East India Company arrived in Boston
Harbor. Colonists boarded the ship and dumped the tea into the harbor.
Led By Samuel Adams.
Ch. 4-2 cont.
British Reaction
D.
1.
Coercive Acts
a)
These acts were an attempt to stop colonial challenges of
British authority.
b)
The Coercive Acts violated several English rights
1)
the right to trial by a jury of one’s peers
2)
the right not to have troops quartered in one’s home.
c)
The Quebec Act gave more territory to Quebec and stated
that a governor and council appointed by the king would run
Quebec.
d)
This further angered the colonists because if they moved west,
they would be living in territory with no elected assembly
e)
The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act became known as the
Intolerable Acts.
Ch. 4-2 cont.
First Continental Congress
E.
1.
2.
Philadelphia -1774
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
a)
Joseph Gallaway introduced a federal government for the colonies
similar to the Albany Plan.
b)
loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts and
announced that the colonies were forming a nonimportation
association.
c)
The delegates also approved the Continental Association, a plan for
every county and town to form committees to enforce a boycott of
British goods.
The Revolution Begins
II.
Start of War
A.
1.
2.
In the summer and fall of 1774, the British officials lost control of the
colonies as the colonists created provincial congresses and militias
raided military depots for ammunition and gunpowder.
The town of Concord created a special unit of minutemen.
Ch. 4-2 cont.
Loyalist and Patriots
B.
1.
2.
Americans called Loyalists, or Tories, remained loyal to the king and felt
British laws should be upheld. The group included government officials,
prominent merchants, landowners, and a few farmers. Lived in Georgia,
Carolinas and New York.
The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were tyrants. Patriots
included artisans, farmers, merchants, planters, lawyers, and urban
workers. Strong in New England and Virginia.
Lexington and Concorde
C.
1.
2.
3.
On April 18, 1775, British General Gage and his troops set out to seize
the militia’s supply depot at Concord. To get there, they had to pass
through Lexington.
Patriots Paul Revere and William Dawes were sent to Lexington to warn
the people that the British were coming. Dr. Samuel Prescott went on to
warn the people of Concord. When the British arrived in Lexington,
about 70 minutemen were waiting for them. The British fired at the
minutemen, killing 8 and wounding 10.
The British moved on to Concord where they found 400 minutemen
waiting for them. The minutemen forced the British to retreat.
Ch. 4-2 cont.
The Second Continental Congress
D.
Met in Philadelphia to address the issue of defense.
The Congress voted to adopt the militia army around Boston and
named it the Continental Army.
On June 15, 1775, Congress appointed George Washington to
head the Continental Army.
The Battle at Bunker Hill resulted in turning back two British
advances.
1.
2.
3.
4.
a)
b)
c)
The colonial militia only retreated due to a lack of ammunition.
It was a huge boost to American confidence that the untrained colonials
could stand up to the feared British army.
The situation reached a stalemate with the British trapped in Boston
surrounded by militia.
Ch. 4-2 cont.
Decision for Independence
III.
Olive Branch Petition
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
July 1775
It stated that the colonies were still loyal to King George III and
asked the king to call off the army while a compromise could be
made.
At the same time, radicals in Congress had ordered an attack on
the British troops in Quebec.
This convinced the British that there was no hope of
reconciliation. King George refused to look at the Olive Branch
Petition.
Ch. 4-2 cont.
Fighting Spread
B.
1.
2.
3.
Two Loyalist armies were organized to assist the British troops in
Virginia.
a)
One was composed of all white loyalists, the other of enslaved
Africans. The Africans were promised freedom if they fought for the
Loyalist cause.
b)
Southern planters, fearing they would loose their lands and labor
force, wanted the colonies to declare independence.
Patriot troops defeated the British in Norfolk, Virginia; Charles Town,
South Carolina; and Boston, Massachusetts.
In December 1775, the king shut down trade with the colonies and
ordered the British navy to blockade the coast. The British began
recruiting mercenaries from Germany.
Ch. 4-2 cont.
Common Sense and Independence
C.
1.
2.
In January 1776, the persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense,
by Thomas Paine, caused many colonists to call for independence
from Britain.
On July 4, 1776, a committee of Patriot leaders approved a
document written by Thomas Jefferson that became known as the
Declaration of Independence.
Chapter 4-3: The War for Independence
The Opposing Sides
I.
British
A.
1.
2.
3.
General House
32,000 men (Redcoats)
Well disciplined, trained and equipped
Continentals
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General Washington
230,000-no more than 20,000 at once
Militias from each colony-guerilla warfare
Inexperienced, poorly equipped and paid
Money problems from debt
British Problems
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pop. Not united for war
War expensive
Wanted quick victory
Many European enemies- French, Spanish, Dutch
Americans fight war of attrition
4-3 cont.
The Northern Campaign
II.
Howes 2 part strategy
A.
1.
2.
Capture New York and demoralize colonists
Diplomatic-try to keep peace
Opening moves
B.
1.
2.
3.
Washington defends NY
British captures NY
Brits move to slowly
Crossing the Delaware
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Brits move toward Philadelphia
Winter stops fighting
De. 25, 1776 Washington crosses Delaware to Trenton
Attacks Hessians
Princeton, New Jersey Washington scatter British
Philadelphia Falls
D.
4-3 cont.
General Burgoyne plans to isolate NE
Gen. Howe goes to Philadelphia
Philly falls- Continental Congress Escapes
Washington goes to Valley Forge
Lafayette helps train soldiers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
France Enters the War
E.
Brits unable to defeat Americans in NE
Brits defeated at Saratoga NY
General Benedict Arnold wins, but doesn’t get credit.
Saratoga- turning point
1.
2.
3.
4.
a)
b)
Spain and France secretly supply Americans
1778 Treaties
5.
6.
a)
b)
7.
8.
Improved American moral
France commits troops
France recognizes US
Alliance between US and France
1778- France declares war on Britain
1779- Spain declares war on Britain.
4-3 cont.
The War in the West
III.
What was the West?
Brits and Indians unite
Americans too strong
Native Americans were real losers.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The War at Sea
IV.
British fleet too strong
Attacked British merchant ships
Letter of Marque?
John Paul Jones
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
Bonhomme Richard
Serapis defeated
4-3 cont.
The Southern Campaign
V.
British focus on the South (1778)
A.
1.
2.
More loyalists
Tobacco and rice
Fall of Savannah and Charles Town
Cornwallis left in command
The Patriots rally
B.
C.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
British use brutal treatment
Southern farmers fight back
Battle of Kings Mtn.- Southern turning point
Nathanial Greene/Francis Marion-guerrilla tactics
The War is won
VI.
4-3 cont.
Cornwallis invades VA
Battle of Yorktown
A.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cornwallis retreats to Yorktown
Washington and Rochambeau race South
French fleet arrives
Cornwallis is cut off and surrenders
Treaty of Paris
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Parliament starts negotiations
Franklin, Washington and John Jay
British recognized US as a new country (from Atlantic to
Mississippi River)
Spain got Florida Back
France got Caribbean and African colonies back. (taken in 1763)
Nov. 24, 1783- all Brit. Troops are gone.
Ch. 4-4 The war Changes American
Society
New Political Ideas
I.
Republic
New State Constitutions
A.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Written down
Limits governments power over people
Checks and Balance
True democracy: tyranny of the majority
Elected government, Senate and assemblies
Listed Specific rights
Ch. 4-4 cont.
Cont.
I.
Voting Rights Expand
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Feeling of equality
Reduced requirements to vote
Property requirement decreased
Power of wealthy decreases
Freedom of Religion
D.
1.
2.
3.
Separation of Church and state
Government aid to churches ends.
VA statute for Religious Freedom
Ch. 4-4 cont.
The War and American Society
II.
Women at war
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Farm
Nurse
Fight
Molly Pitcher
African Americans
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
British offer Freedom
State militia’s and Continental Army offer Freedom
5,000 serve in Revolutionary War.
North free slaves
Discrimination
South continues slavery
The Loyalists Flee
C.
1.
2.
Property seized
100,00 left
Ch. 4-4 cont.
An American culture emerges
III.
American Painters- symbols and patriotic themes leaders
A.
1.
2.
John Trumbull
Chas. Willson Peale
Changes in Education
B.
1.
2.
Sate Universities (UNC in 1795)
Elementary taught American centered themes.
Terms to Know
Republic
Emancipation
Mary Ludwig Hays
VA Statute for Religious Freedom
Tyranny of the Majority
Ecclesiastical Tyranny
Judith Sargent Murray