SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of
sentences.
A complete sentence must contain;
at least 1 independent clause
there may be one or more
dependent clauses.
An independent clause
Ex : Some students work part-time.
Because some students work part-time.
Dependent clauses require to be
connecteed to an independent clause
A dependent clause
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
For example, the increase in the cost of renting an apartment.
PROBLEM : The sentence doesn’t have a VERB.
SOLUTION: Rewrite the sentence adding a verb so that it will have
a Subject, Verb & Object.
SUBJECT
For example, the increase in the cost of renting an apartment
one reason for more people being homeless.
OBJECT
is
VERB
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS – answers –P2
1. F : The desire of all humankind is to live in peace and freedom, for
example.
2. F : Second, it is a fact that men are physically stonger than women.
3. F : The best movie that I saw last year was Avatar.
4. Complete
5. Complete
6. F : Although people want to believe that all men are created equal, it is
not true.
7. Complete
8. F : Many of my friends who did not have the opportunity to goto college
are unhappy.
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
9. F : Working during the morning and attending classes during the
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
afternoon doesn’t leave much time for fun.
F : Because I don’t feel taht grades in college have any value, I do not
worry if I get a bad grade.
F : a tsunami that occured in the Indian Ocean in December 2004 killed
more than 200000 people.
Complete
F : This was more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of
WW2, inclıuding two atomic bombs, according to one expert.
F : there is evidence that waves reached a heigh of 80 feet ( 24m) when
coming ashore along the coastline and rose to 100 feet ( 30m) in some
areas when travelling inland.
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS – answers –P2
P1: Believing that they are far better drivers than women.
Correct: Believing that they are far better drivers than women , men
consider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even
dangerous.
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS – answers –P2
P2: For example, insurance rates.
Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving
deaths caused by men.
Although women are criticised to for being too
cautious.
Correct: For example, insurance rates for women are 20% than they
are for men.
Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving deaths are
caused by men.
Although women are criticised to for being too cautious , they
are really just being safe drivers.
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS – answers –P2
P3 : On the one hand, women drivers who regard the
automobile as a convenience.
Like a washing machine.
Using it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive.
Or using it as a stratus symbol.
Correct:On the one hand, women drivers who regard the automobile
as a convenience like a washing machine. On the other hand, men
regard the automobile as an extension of their egos, using it as a
weapon when they feel particularly aggressive or using it as a stratus
symbol.
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS – answers –P2
P4 : Because of their attitude.
If they adopt the attitude that an automobile is merely a convenience.
Correct: All in all , women are safer drivers because of theri attitude.
Men can learn to become safe drivers if they adopt the attitude that
an automobile is merely a convenience.
RUN-ON SENTENCES
Run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or
more independent clauses are written one after
another with no punctuation.
RUN-On : My family went to Australia then they emigrated
to Canada.
RUN-ON SENTENCES
There are various ways to correct a Run-on :
1. Add a period ( . ) :
My family went to Australia. Then they emigrated to Canada.
2. Add a semicolon ( ; ) :
My family went to Australia; then they emigrated to Canada.
RUN-ON SENTENCES
There are various ways to correct a Run-on :
3. Add a coordinator :
My family went to Australia, and then they emigrated to
Canada.
2. Add a subordinator :
My family went to Australia before they emigrated to Canada.
After my family went to Australia, they emigrated to Canada.
COMMA SPLICE
When 2 independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma
without a coordinating conjuction , COMMA SPLICE, a kind of
error, occurs
Comma Splice : My family went to Australia, then they
emigrated to Canada.
RUN-ON SENTENCES - answers
A newly arrived international student faces several challanges, for
example, he or she has to cope with a new culture .
a. Add a period :
A newly arrived international student faces several challanges. For example, he or
she has to cope with a new culture .
b. Add a semicolon :
A newly arrived international student faces several challanges; for example, he or
she has to cope with a new culture .
RUN-ON SENTENCES - answers
New York city is very cosmopolitan, people from many cultures
and ethnic groups live there.
a. Add a period :
New York city is very cosmopolitan. People from many cultures and ethnic groups
live there.
b. Add a semicolon :
New York city is very cosmopolitan; people from many cultures and ethnic groups
live there.
c. Add a subordinator :
New York city is very cosmopolitan because people from many cultures and ethnic
groups live there.
d. Add a coordinator :
New York city is very cosmopolitan, for people from many cultures and ethnic
groups live there.
RUN-ON SENTENCES - answers
Learning a new language is like learning to swim it takes a lot of practice.
Add a coordinator :
Learning a new language is like learning to swim, for it takes a lot of practice.
Ask for assistance at the reference desk in the library, a librarian is always on duty.
Add a semicolon :
Ask for assistance at the reference desk in the library; a librarian is always on
duty.
Skiing is a dangerous sport you can easily break your leg or your neck.
Add a subordinator :
Becasue skiing is a dangerous sport, you can easily break your leg or your neck.
RUN-ON SENTENCES - answers
PART B:
RO
2. RO
3. CORRECT
4. RO
5. CORRECT
6. CORRECT
7. RO
8. COMMA SPLICE
9. COMMA SPLICE
10. CORRECT
11. COMMA SPLICE
1.
CHAPTER 3
NOUN
CLAUSES
NOUN CLAUSES
A NOUN CLAUSE is a dependent clause that functions as a noun.
often part of an independent clause :
it can be a subject or an object.
Subject
V
What the newspaper reported was incorrect.
SUBJECT
People once believed that the world was flat.
V
OBJECT
That clauses
A that clause is a DEPENDENT CLAUSE that begins with the word that.
The young filmmaker hopes that his film will be a
financial success.
That clauses
A that clause may appear in different locations:
1. After the independent clause verb : ( as object of the verb)
Ex.: The catalogue states that science courses require a
laboratory period.
2. After certain adjectives: ( happy, glad, proud, sad, pleased,
worried,sorry,certain, surprised & sure)
Ex.: The class was surprised that the instructor cancelled the
final exam.
That clauses
3. After certain nouns: (idea, theory, thought, claim, statement,
belief, opinion)
Ex.: Noone believed Galileo’s theory that Earth revolves
around the world.
4. At the beginning of a sentence: (as subject of the verb)
Ex.: That Earth is getting warmer and warmer is certain.
That clauses - answers
3. Researchers proved a long time ago that women learn languages
more easily than men do.
4.Scientists reassure men that women’s superior language skills do
not mean that women are more intelligent than men.
5. It has often been observed that men are better at reading maps.
6. It is thought by many scientists that men’s and women’s brains
developed different spatial skills because of the different tasks
they performed in prehistoric times.
7. It is known that women are better at remembering the location
of objects.
8. Studies have shown that men show superior ability at maths and
reasoning.
If / whether clauses - answers
2. if the needles are made of stainless steel or of some other metal.
3.whether the needles hurt when they are inserted.
4. if the effectiveness of acupuncture in relieving back pain has ever been
documented.
5.whether acupuncture can strengthen the immune system.
6.whether acupuncture uses the body’s energy to promote healing.
7.whether you studied acupuncture in China or in the united States.
8.if you have ever used acupuncture during an operation.
Question clauses - answers
2. When the band had last performed in Fog city.
3.How many years they had been together as a group
4.Who wrote their songs
5.Where they practiced on the road
6.How many songs the band had recorded
7.Which company produced their CDs
8. How many Grammys
EDITING PRACTICE
2. What transistors were.
3.He said that they were very small electronic devices used in telephone,
automobiles, radios, and so on.
4.He further explained that transistors controlled the flow of electric
current in electronic equipment.
5. could not
6...agreed that it was the personal computer
7. ...asked if the students knew how transistors functioned in computers
8.... increased
9....when transistors had been invented.
10. ..they had been invented in 1947.
11... he was correct
12. .. what the importance of the invention was.
13....it was the beginning
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT