Unit 3
Oncology and the Central Nervous
System
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Oncology
• onc/o = tumor
• Examples:
– onc/o/logy = study and treatment of tumors
– onc/o/logist = one who studies tumors
• carcin/o = cancer
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Cells
• cyt/o = cell
• Examples:
– cyt/o/ology = study of cells
– cyt/o/log/ist = one who studies cells
– cyt/o/techn/o/logist = one who prepares and screens human
tissue to detect abnormalities
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Tissues
• hist/o = tissue
• Examples:
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hist/o/ology = study of tissues
hist/o/log/ist = one who studies tissues
hist/o/blast = embryonic tissue cell
hist/o/cyte = tissue cell
hist/oid = resembling tissue
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Disease and Change
• path/o/logy = study of disease
• path/o/log/ist = one who studies disease
• morph/o/logy = study of form, shape, or
structure
• meta/morph/osis = process of changing from
one form into another
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Tumors
• Abnormal growth in numbers/and or types of
cells
• neo/plasm = new growth
– Another word for tumor
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Tumors
• Can be malignant or benign
• Malignant
– Cancerous
• Benign
– Non-cancerous
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Tumors
• -oma = suffix for tumor
• Examples:
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carcin/oma = cancer of epithelia tissue
sarc/oma = cancer of connective tissue
aden/oma = glandular tumor
lip/oma = fatty tumor
lymph/oma = tumor composed of lymph tissue
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Tumor Terminology
Combining Form
melan/o
fibr/o
ather/o
papill/o
Meaning
Tumor
dark-pigmented
fibrous tissue
porridge-like
elevation of tissue
melanoma
fibroadenoma
atheroma
papilloma
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Tumor Terminology
• Carcinomas can spread from origin to other
body parts
• meta/stasis = portion of tumor that grows in
new location
• meta/stasize = to spread from point of origin
• meta/static = adjectival form
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Benign and Malignant Tumors
Location
gland
bone
cartilage
fat
nerve
Benign
Malignant
adenoma
osteoma
chondroma
lipoma
neuroma
adenocarcinoma
osteosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
liposarcoma
neurosarcoma
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Animation
• Insert Cancer Metastasizing
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Cancer Treatments
• radi/o/therapy = use of radiation
• surgery = removal of tumors
• chem/o/therapy = administration of drugs
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Cancer Treatments
• anti- = against
• -plast/ic = abnormal growth
• Example:
– anti/neo/plastic = agent that works against cancerous
neoplasms (tumors)
• E.g., antineoplastic chemicals and drug agents used in
chemotherapy
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Cancer Treatments
• -genesis = development
• Examples:
– anti/tumor/i/genesis = process of inhibiting development
of tumors
– anti/tumor/i/genic = agent that inhibits development of
tumors
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Head
• cephal = head
• cephalic = pertaining to head
• cephal/o = combining form
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Structures of the Head
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Head Conditions
• cephal/algia = any pain in head
• cephal/o/dynia = any pain in head
• cephal/o/dynic = pertaining to pain in head
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Skull
• cranium = skull
• cranial = pertaining to skull
• crani/o = combining form for cranium
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Components of the Skull
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Terms Related to the Skull
• crani/o/meter = instrument used to measure
skull
• crani/o/malac/ia = softening of skull
• crani/o/plasty = surgical repair of skull
• crani/o/tomy = incision into skull
• crani/ectomy = excision of part of skull
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Brain
• encephal/o = combining form
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Brain Conditions
• encephal/o/malac/ia = softening of brain
tissue
• encephal/o/cele = herniation of brain
• encephal/o/tomy = incision into brain
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Brain: Diagnostics
• electr/o/encephal/o/gram = picture of
electrical activity of brain
• electr/o/encephal/o/graphy = process of
recording electrical brain activity
• electr/o/encephal/o/graph = instrument used
to record electrical brain activity
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Cerebrum
• Part of brain responsible for thinking, feeling,
and moving
• cerebral = adjectival form
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Cerebral Conditions
• cerebr/itis = inflammation of cerebrum
• cerebr/oma = tumor in cerebrum
• cerebr/o/vascular accident = loss of brain
function due to decreased blood flow
• cerebr/o/tomy = incision into cerebrum
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Brain and Spinal Cord
• Nerves from brain are connected to rest of
body through spinal cord
• mye/o = spinal cord
• cerebr/o/spinal = pertaining to brain and
spinal cord
• cerebr/o/spinal fluid = bathes cerebrum and
spinal cord
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Brain Covering
• Meninges
– Three-layered membrane that covers brain and spinal cord
• mening/o = combining form
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Meningeal Conditions
• mening/o/cele = herniation of meninges
• mening/o/malac/ia = softening of meninges
• mening/itis = inflammation of meninges
– Cerebral meningitis
– Spinal meningitis
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Prefix: hyper• hyper- = above or more than normal
• Examples:
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hyper/tension = high blood pressure
hyper/activity = being abnormally active
hyper/emesis = excessive vomiting
hyper/trophy = overdevelopment
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Prefix: hypo• hypo- = below or less than normal
• Examples:
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hypo/tension = low blood pressure
hypo/thyroid/ism = thyroid hormone deficiency
hypo/dermic = under skin
hypo/thermia = abnormally low body temperature
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Growth and Development
• Suffixes that refer to growth and development:
– -trophy
– -plasia
– -genesis
• Cannot be interchanged when building medical
terms
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Growth and Development
• Examples:
– hyper/trophy = increase in size of cells
– hyper/plasia = increase in number of cells
– hyper/genesis = defective development or duplication of
body parts
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Glands
• aden/o = combining form
• Examples:
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aden/itis = inflammation of gland
aden/ectomy = removal of gland
aden/oma = gland tumor
aden/o/pathy = any gland disease
lymph/aden/o/pathy = any disease of lymph glands
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Pigment
• Melanin
– Pigment that gives dark color to hair, skin, and darkpigmented area of eye
• melan/o = combining form
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Pigment
• Examples:
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melan/o/cyte = black-pigmented cell
melan/o/derma = black or dark skin
melan/oma = darkly pigmented tumor
melan/o/carcin/oma = darkly pigmented cancerous tumor
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Fat
• lip/o = fat
• Examples:
– lip/oma = fatty tumor
– lip/oid = resembling fat
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Fat
• ather/o = fatty or porridge-like
• Examples:
– ather/oma = tumor-like thickening in blood vessel
– ather/o/scler/osis = hardening of blood vessel walls due to
fatty deposits
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Linings and Membranes
• Mucosa
– Membrane that lines open body cavities
• Mucus
– Secretion of mucous membrane
• muc/o = combining form
• mucous = adjectival form of mucus
• muc/oid = resembling mucus
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Linings and Membranes
• Serosa
– Membrane that lines closed body cavities and outside of
organs
• serous = adjectival form
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Linings and Membranes
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.