Pre AP Biology Semester 2 exam Review Guide
1. What is DNA made of? What is the name of the sugar in DNA?
a) Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
b) deoxyribose
2. What is RNA made of? What is the name of the sugar in RNA?
a) Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
b) ribose
3. Write the complementary DNA sequence for the DNA strand shown below.
TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG, ATA,GAT,CGA
ATG,GGT,TTT, CAC,GCG,TGC, TAT,CTA,GCT
4. Now write the complementary RNA sequence for the same DNA strand.
TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG, ATA,GAT,CGA
AUG,GGU,UUU,CAC,GCG,UGC, UAU,CUA,GCU
5. Using the RNA sequence you wrote and the translation table shown below, translate the t-RNA sequence you
wrote into an amino acid (protein) strand.
Met-Gly-Phe-His-Ala-Cys-Tyr-Leu-Ala
6. Where are genes located?
On chromosomes
7. What is the difference between a gene, a chromosome, and DNA?
a) A gene is a section of a chromosome that codes for a specific protein
b) A chromosome is a double strand of DNA that contains genes on both strands
c) DNA is the chemical compound that, along with proteins, makes up a chromosome
8. Work the following problems:
a) A woman is homozygous for Type O blood. Her husband is heterozygous for Type AB.
Can they have a child who is Type 0? NO
Can they have a son who is Type AB? NO
(Mom) oo x AB (Dad)
o
o
A
Ao
Ao
B
Bo
Bo
b) A flower breeder crosses a red flower with a yellow one. All the offspring are orange. What kind of
dominance is this?
Incomplete- because the offspring are a blend of the parental traits
c) Show the Punnett square and the percentages of the different offspring that you will get if you cross two of
the orange flowered plants.
RY x RY
pheno: red, orng, yel
R
Y
25%, 50%, 25%
R
RR RY
geno:RR, RY, YY
RY YY
Y
25%,50%, 25%
9. Below are shown two karyotypes.
a) Which one is for a male?
B
b) Which one is for a female?
A
c) Which one shows an abnormal karyotype?
d) What condition will this karyotype cause?
• Trisomy 21 also called
Both do at # 21.
10. Define the following:
a. reproductive isolation- when one part of a population of the same or similar species cannot or does not
interbreed with another
b. speciation- formation of new species
c. natural selection- survival of the best adapted to the local environment
d. genetic variation- the differences in genes that are present in or can be acquired in a population of
organisms
11. How does a bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic? Is this a genetic change?
It acquires a new gene, probably on a plasmid, that makes it resistant to the antibiotic. Yes!
12. Define the following:
a. evolution- change in something over time (usually refers to a biological change)
b. gradualism- a slow acquisition of changes
c. punctuated equilibrium- long periods of no change followed by bursts of rapid change
13. Define the following:
a. vestigial structures –Structures that were larger and used more in an ancient ancestor
b. analogous structures- structures that look alike and do the same thing although the organisms on which
they are found don’t have a common ancestor
c. homologous structures- Structures that are similar in form but may have different jobs- found on
organisms that had a common ancestor
14. Label the bacterium
1. Flagellum
2. Pilus
3. Nucleoid
4.Cell Membrane
5. Ribosome
6. Cell wall
7. Capsule
15. Where are the oldest fossils found, at the bottom of several layers of sediment, in the middle, or at the top?
Why do you think so?
They are at the bottom, because they are laid down first.
16. Draw & label the life cycle of a virus.
17. What is the greatest threat to an organism that has been invaded by a virus?
The organism will die when the virus lyses it and all its contents leak away
18. Compare autotrophic organisms to heterotrophic organisms as to where & how they get energy.
Autotroph- makes own food by photosynthesis
Heterotroph- must eat another organism for food
19. Describe what the immune system does to fight bacteria.
Phagocytes chew it up and take parts of it to the lymph nodes where the B cells design an antibody to kill
it. A copy of that cell called a “memory B cell is kept in the lymph nodes to fight the bacteria again if
it ever comes back.
20. Compare bacterial conjugation to bacterial transformation.
Conj.- bacteria attaches to another bacteria with a pilus and sends a copy of its plasmid across.
Transform.- bacteria pull in DNA from dead bacteria to recycle and acquire new genes
21. How do bacteria help us?
Help us with digestion, gut bacteria make needed clotting factors, help make cheese & yogurt, used in
industry to clean up chemical spills
22. What structure does an amoeba use for locomotion? Pseudopods
a Euglena? Flagellum
a Paramecium? Cilia
23. Parameciums, Euglenas, and Amoebas are all members of what Kingdom? Protista
24. Name all eight groups (taxons) used to group organisms in classification in order from largest to smallest.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, genus, species
25. Name three things scientists use to classify organisms into groups.
Similarities in embryo development, in DNA, and in structures
26. Use the table above to classify the following organisms:
A. It’s green, unicellular, independently moves around, and has cell walls made of cellulose.
Kingdom Protista
B. It’s a heterotroph, has no cell walls at all, is a eukaryote and is multicellular.
Kingdom Animalia
C. It’s a prokaryote, is unicellular and is sometimes pathogenic.
Kingdom Archaebacteria or Eubacteria
27. Looking at the biomass pyramid below, tell which level has the most calories in it and why.
Primary Producers, because 90% of the energy is lost every time the pyramid goes up one level
28. Use the food web shown below to draw three food chains
Plant->rabbit->Fox
Plant>insect>toad>Snake
29. Choose one of your food chains and identify the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and
tertiary consumer.
Producer = plants
1st=insect, 2nd= toad, 3rd= snake
30. Define and give one example of each of the following symbiotic relationships:
A. predator/prey- predator captures & eats prey
B. Mutualism- both benefit +/+
C. parasitism- one benefits; the other is harmed +/D. commensalism- One benefits; the other is neither helped nor hurt +/o
All of these are symbiotic relationships- close associations between two or more organisms
31. Fill in the table below:
Structure:
Function:
Stem- Support
Leaf- photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration
Root- absorption, anchoring
Flower- reproduction, makes seeds
Fruit- helps seeds get scattered & started
Xylem- carries water
Phloem- food flows freely thru phloem!
Stomate- gas exchange (it’s the plant’s nostril)
32. What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
Gymnosperms have scale or needle like leaves and produce seeds in cones- no fruit or flowers
33. How do you tell a monocot from a dicot?
Monocot- parallel veins, flower parts in 3, one cotyledon, fibrous roots
Dicots- netted veins, flower parts in 4 or 5, two cotyledons, tap root
34. Name the female reproductive structures of a flower and tell what they do.
Carpel (pistil)- the whole thing
Stygma- sticky top of carpel, catches pollen
Style- holds up stygma
Ovary- forms eggs, becomes fruit
Ovules- become seeds
Receptacle- the end of the twig on which the flower forms
35. Name the male reproductive structures of a flower and tell what they do.
Stamen- the male reproductive structure
Anther- makes pollen
Filament- stalk that holds up he anther
36. What is a plant trophism? It is the response of a plant to a stimulus in its environment.
37. Describe/ tell what they do, for the four trophisms listed below
Gravitrophism- plant response to grabity; shoots grow upward & roots downward
Thigmotrophism- plant response to touch; stems or tendrils may wrap around an object they touch
Hydrotrophism- plant response to water; roots will grow toward or away from water
Phototrophism- plant response to light; cells on the side away from the light will divide & elongate to turn
leaves or flower faces toward the sun
38. What are the characteristics of Phylum Vertebrata
All members of vertebrata have a spinal column (a backbone)
39. What are the characteristics of Class Insecta
Exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
Open circulatory system
Breathe by tubes called trachea
40. What are the characteristics of Class Mammalia
Vertebrate (have a backbone)
Body covered with fur
Give birth to live offspring
Feed offspring with milk from mammary glands
4 chambered heart
Warm blooded
Breath with lungs
41. What are the characteristics of Class Reptilia
Vertebrate (have a backbone)
Body covered with hard, dry scales
Lay leathery shelled eggs
3 chambered heart
Cold blooded
Breath with lungs
42. What are the characteristics of Class Amphibia
Vertebrate (have a backbone)
Live part of their lives as aquatic larva (tadpoles)
Body covered with skin
External fertilization- lay eggs in water
3 chambered heart
Cold blooded
Breath with lungs & skin as adults, with gills while in aquatic larva state
43. What are the characteristics of Class Aves
Vertebrate (have a backbone)
Body covered with feathers
Lay hard shelled eggs
4 chambered heart
Warm blooded
Breath with lungs
44. What are the characteristics of Class Osteicthyses
Vertebrate (have a backbone)
Body covered with moist, slime covered scales
External fertilization- lay eggs in water
2 chambered heart
Cold blooded
Breath with gills
45. Which system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food?
Digestive system
What are the major structures of that system?
Mouth-chem. & mechanical digestion
Esophagus- tube takes food to stomach
Stomach- chem. & mechanical digestion
Small intestine- digestion & absorption of food
Large intestine- absorption of salts, minerals, and water
Rectum- stores solid waste
Anus- exit for waste
46. Name the three kinds of muscle cells and give one example of where each one can be found.
Cardiac- heart, looks both striped and branched, involuntary
Smooth- lines tubular organs, involuntary, spindle shaped
Skeletal- associated with bones, striped, voluntary
47. Which body system filters nitrogenous waste out of the blood?
Excretory
What structure actually does the filtering?
Nephrons in the kidneys do the filtering
Kidney has three layers- cortex, medulla, & pelvis
48. What is the muscle that moves the blood?
Heart
What muscle makes us breath?
Diaphragm
49. What body system produces the hormones? Name one structure in this system.
Endocrine System
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, gonads, parathyroid, pineal
50. Which body system controls the whole body? What three parts make up this system.
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, 12 cranial nerves
51. Where are blood cells formed? Where are they stored?
In the red bone marrow of the flat and long bones. They are stored in the spleen.
52. What system in the body fights off disease? Name & describe the three kinds of defenses.
The immune system.
1st line- Barrier defense- skin, lining of the lungs, mouth & stomach
2nd line of defense- the second kind of defense is the Nonspecific defense, inflammation, fever,
macrophages, lysozyme enzymes in tears and acid in the stomach are all second line defenses
3rd line of defense- The third kind of defense is the Antibodies the body produces; this is a specific
defense where the white blood cells look at the invading pathogen and make antibodies custom
designed to kill just that pathogen