Advanced Placement Biology Semester 1 Exam Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Unit 1: Biochemistry
Essential questions:
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What are the unique properties of water?
What are monomers and polymer, and how are they formed?
What are the types of polymers, and what are the defining structures of each?
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
What is the role of ATP within the cell?
How is an enzyme regulated?
Key vocabulary:
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 Hydrogen bond
 Monomer
 Lipid
 Carbohydrate
Practice:
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Protein
Dehydration Rxn.
Energy Coupling
Allosteric Control
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Functional Groups
Hydrolysis Rxn.
Electronegativity
Nucleotide
1. Draw a water molecule and label the partial positive and partial negative poles.
2. Draw two nucleotides, label all functional groups, and show which functional groups are involved in a
dehydration synthesis reaction.
3. Draw a saturated and an unsaturated triglyceride. Label the carbon double bonds.
4. Write the reaction for the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule.
5. Draw an enzyme and substrate. Label the site where an allosteric inhibitor would bond. Label the site
where a competitive inhibitor would bond.
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Advanced Placement Biology Semester 2 Exam Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Unit 2: Cells and Cellular Energetics
Essential questions:
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What are the primary differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
What are the functions of each of the organelles found in a eukaryotic cell?
What are the energy producing organelles?
What are the key components of the cell membrane?
What are the differences between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport?
What are the key steps in the process of photosynthesis?
What are the key steps in the process of cellular respiration?
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Key vocabulary:
 Plasma Membrane
 Autotroph
 Heterotroph
 Double Membrane
 Chemiosmosis
 Cytoskeleton
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Transmembrane Protein
Oligosaccharide
Entropy
Enthalpy
Pigment
Carbon Fixation
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Anaerobic
Aerobic
Non-Disjunction
Metaphase Plate
Haploid
Diploid
Practice:
1. Draw a cell membrane and label the following parts: hydrophilic phosphate head, hydrophobic phosphate
tails, transmembrane protein, glycoprotein, glycolipid.
2. Label each of the organelles in the photosynthetic eukaryote below:
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Advanced Placement Biology Semester 1 Exam Review
Name__________________________ Date___________
3. Label the molecules in each step of cellular respiration diagram below:
4. Draw a simple diagram of the light reactions. Trace the pathway of an electron during non-cyclic electron
flow in RED. Trace the pathway of an electron during cyclic electron flow in BLUE.
5. Label each stage in the meiosis diagram below. Label each stage as haploid (n) or diploid (2n).
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Advanced Placement Biology Semester 1 Exam Review
Name__________________________ Date___________
Unit 3: Genetics
Essential questions:
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What processes in the cell cycle lead to genetic variation in organisms?
How can Punnett squares be used to predict genetic outcomes of offspring?
How can Hardy-Weinberg be used to predict allele frequencies in populations?
How does the process of mitosis differ from the process of meiosis?
Describe the structure of DNA and how this molecule can replicate itself.
Explain the central dogma of biology.
How does gene expression differ in prokaryotes verses eukaryotes? How do their controls differ?
What are the processes used to create GMOs?
Explain the biotechnology innovations, including gel electrophoresis, the use of restriction enzymes for
transformations, and PCR.
Key vocabulary:
 cell cycle
 mitosis
 apoptosis
 haploid
 diploid
 sister chromatids
 meiosis
 crossing over
 homologous
chromosomes
 alleles
 dihybrid cross
 gametes
 gene loci
 dominant allele
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recessive allele
homozygous
heterozygous
genotype
phenotype
incomplete dominance
sex-linked
epistasis
karyotype
helicase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
Chargaff’s rule
Transcription
Translation
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Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Frameshift mutation
Silent mutation
Central dogma
mRNA/tRNA
codon
lac operon
trp operon
restriction enzymes
gel electrophoresis
polymerase chain
reaction
Practice:
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What information can you obtain from a karyotype? What diseases could you diagnose?
Describe the movement of chromosomes as a cell undergoes mitosis.
Explain the benefits of meiosis.
What enzymes are essential in DNA replication?
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Why are mRNA and tRNA necessary for the synthesis of polypeptides?
How do the processes of transcription and translation differ? What products are created in
each?
8. How does gene expression differ in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes? What are the levels of gene
control in a eukaryotic cell?
9. In a lac operon, if lac is present, what is going to happen?
10. Describe the following types of mutations: missense, nonsense, silent, frameshift.
11. Explain the steps of the bacterial transformation lab. What is the purpose of transforming
bacteria? What is a practical application of this process?
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Advanced Placement Biology Semester 1 Exam Review
Name________________________ Date___________
12. When adding DNA to a gel electrophoresis apparatus, what can the resulting gel tell you about
the DNA fragments that you ran?
13. If the DNA template reads “TGCATTTAA”, what would the mRNA strand read?
14. What genes code for proteins that promote normal cell cycle growth? What happens if these
genes go bad? What do they become?
Unit 4: Evolution
Essential questions:
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Describe the theory of evolution.
What evidence exists for the theory of evolution?
What is the difference between gene flow and genetic drift?
How does a new species evolve?
How did different scientists contribute to Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
How does the Hardy-Weinberg principle help analyze changes in a population?
Key vocabulary:
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Homology
Analogy
Microevolution
Macroevolution
Divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Geographic isolation
Founder effect
Convergent evolution
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Sympatric speciation
Allopatric speciation
Punctuated equilibrium
Biogeography
Comparative
embryology
Comparative
biochemistry
Fitness
Hardy Weinberg
Abiotic synthesis
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Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Gametic isolation
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Directional selection
Practice:
1.
Explain what natural selection predicts about mimicry, camouflage, homologous structures, and
vestigial structures.
2. Describe the evidence that Charles Darwin gathered that led to his theory of evolution.
3. Identify the four principles of natural selection and provide examples.
4. Infer the consequences for evolution if species did not vary.
5. Discuss why prokaryotic cells probably appeared before eukaryotic cells.
6. The bones in a bird wing share a number of features with the bones of a dinosaur arms. What
does this say about their evolutionary relationship?
7. If two organisms look similar, live in similar environments, but are not closely related, what does
this describe?
8. How is antibiotic resistance an example of evolution?
9. Identify the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
10. Discuss factors that can lead to speciation.
11. How does the theory of punctuated equilibrium differ from the theory of gradualism.
12. What types of pre and post-zygotic barriers exist to separate species?
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Physical Science Semester 1 Exam Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
13. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful for predicting the percent of a human population that
may be heterozygous carriers of recessive alleles for certain genetic diseases. Phenylketonuria
(PKU) is a human metabolic disorder that results in mental retardation if it is untreated in
infancy. In the United States, one out of approximately 10,000 babies is born with the disorder.
Approximately what percent of the population are heterozygous carriers of the recessive PKU
allele?
14. If you observe a population and find that 16% show the recessive trait, you know the frequency
of the aa genotype. This means you know q2. What is q for this population?
15. If 16% of the population is homozygous recessive (dd), according to the Hardy-Weinberg
equation, what is the value of q2?
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