Review for Lecture
and Lab
Yes, we have more
Which of the following cell types is
responsible for synthesizing the organic
component of cartilage matrix?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Chondrocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Chondroclasts
2 of the above
Which of the following hormones acts to
stimulate osteoclast activity and thus
increase bone resorption?
a) Growth Hormone
b) Parathyroid Hormone
c) Calcitonin
d) Insulin
e) Creatinine
Which of the following statements
about bone is TRUE?
a)Bone is the hardest tissue in the body
b)Bone is a dynamic tissue which changes
in response to hormonal demands
c)Bone has an organic component of
hydroxyapatite
d)Bone contains 95% of the body's calcium
in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals
Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of bone tissue?
a)Periosteum
b)Calcium phosphate crystals
c)Lacunae that contain 2-4 cells each
d)None of the above
The matrix of hyaline
cartilage consists of all of
the following EXCEPT:
a)Collagen fibers
b)Chondrocytes
c)Proteoglycans
d)Lacunae
e)Perichondrium
The organic component of
bone matrix is produced by
a)Chondrocytes
b)Chondroblasts
c)Osteoblasts
d)Osteocytes
e)Osteoclasts
Which of the following statements
about osteoblasts is TRUE?
a)Osteoblasts are quiescent, inactive bone cells
b)Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which contains
only the inorganic component of bone matrix
c)Osteoblasts respond to parathyroid hormone
d)Osteoblasts maintain contact with each other
via cytoplasmic processes known as
canaliculi
Which of the following cells
is primarily responsible for
bone resorption?
a) Osteoblast
b) Osteocyte
c) Osteoclast
d) Chondrocyte
e) Chondroblast
Which of the following cell types extend
cytoplasmic processes through
canaliculi?
a)Osteoclasts
b)Osteocytes
c)Osteoblasts
d)Endothelial cells
e)Fibroblasts
Which of the following is
absent in fibrocartilage?
a)Matrix
b)Chondrocytes
c)Collagenous fibers
d)Lacunae
e)Perichondrium
Which of the following can
be found in cartilage but not
bone tissue
a) Lacunae
b) Protein fibers
c) Blood vessels
d) Chondroitin
The dense connective tissue covering the
outer surface of bone diaphyses is known
as the:
a)Perichondrium
b)Periosteum
c)Endosteum
d)Epiosteum
e)Exofibrium
Which of the following bones
is considered a sesamoid
bone?
a)Clavicle
b)Humerus
c)Patella
d)Femur
e)Popliteal
These 2 components of bone
are responsible for its
hardness and pliability.
a)Osteoclasts and collagen
b)Mineralized salts and osteocytes
c)Mineralized salts and collagen
d)Collagen and elastin
e)Collagen and metastatin
A fracture in the shaft of a
long bone would be a break
in the:
a)Epiphysis
b)Metaphysis
c)Diaphysis
d)Arthrosis
e)Atalaphysis
Yellow marrow
consists of
______________ tissue.
Chondroblasts
produce
____________________.
_____________ carry blood
vessels along the long axis
of a bone
a)Volkmann's canals
b)Canaliculi
c)Lacunae
e)Foramina
f)Haversian canals
The cell type that maintains
the previously formed bone
matrix is the:
a)Osteoclast
b)Osteocyte
c)Osteoblast
e)Fibrocyte
Soft connective tissue
membranes between the
cranial bones at birth are:
a)An indication of microcephaly
b)Frontal sinuses
c)Epiphyseal plates
e)Cribifrom plates
f)Fontanelles
Endochondral and
intramembranous are 2
mechanisms of:
a)Bone remodeling
b)Embryonic skeletal ossification
c)Negative feedback
d)Cartilage resorption
Which of the folllowing is
NOT a cranial suture?
a)Epiphyseal
b)Lambdoidal
c)Coronal
d)Sagittal
e)Squamous
The 2 pairs of bones that
make up the hard palate are
the right and left:
a)Zygomatic and temporal
b)Palatine and maxillae
c)Maxillae and zygomatic
d)Maxillae and mandibular
The 2 bones that make up
the posterior nasal septum
are the
a)Nasal and lacrimal
b)Lacrimal and vomer
c)Vomer and ethmoid
d)Ethmoid and sphenoid
Which of the following is
the most life-threatening?
a)Deviated nasal septum
b)Sinusitis
c)Damaged cribiform plate
d)Cleft palate
e)Ruptured bursae
Articulation is another
word for
_________________.
Which of the following bones
is NOT part of the cranium?
a)Sphenoid
b)Palatine
c)Ethmoid
d)Occipital
Which of the following is
NOT part of the axial
skeleton?
a)Femur
b)Sternum
c)Mandible
d)Sacrum
Incomplete closure of
the vertebral column
results in _____________.
The thickened cartilage cushions of the
knee that absorb compression are known
as the:
a)Menisci
b)Bursae
c)Hovae
d)Ligaments
e)Synovia
The Hunchback of Notre
Dame probably suffered
from:
a)Scoliosis
b)Kyphosis
c)Lordosis
Which of the following does
NOT describe synovial
joints?
a)Bones held together by cartilage
b)Joint surfaces covered with articulating
cartilage
c)Presence of a joint cavity
d)2-layered joint capsule
e)Most freely moveable of joints
A ligament running
along the side of the
knee joint is a
____________.
Haversian canals
contain
___________________.
Which of the following is
LEAST likely to require
arthroscopic surgery?
a)Removal of a torn meniscus in the knee
b)Removal of torn articular cartilage in the
knee
c)Repair of a torn lateral collateral ligament
in the knee
d)Repair of a torn ACL in the knee
This hormone decreases
blood calcium levels.
a)Acetylcholine
b)Glucagon
c)Parathormone
d)Calcitonin
Which of the following characteristics of
cartilage distinguishes it from most other
connective tissues?
a)Its extracellular matrix contains collagen
b)Its predominant cell type is a
mesenchymal derivative
c)Its predominant cell type secretes both
fibers and ground substance
d)It lacks blood vessels
e)It functions in mechanical support
Fibrocartilage
a)Contains large numbers of elastic fibers
b)Seldom contains isogenous groups of
chondrocytes
c)Is the cartilage type found in the
epiphyses of long bones of children
d)Is structurally intermediate between
dense connective tissue and cartilage
3)Contains NO collagen
All of the following facilitate the
distribution of nutrients and oxygen to
osteocytes EXCEPT:
a)Gap junctions
b)Cytoplasmic extensions
c)Bone matrix
d)Haversian canals
e)Canaliculi
Each of the following is
TRUE of Volkmann's canals
EXCEPT:
a)They enclose extensions of osteoblasts
b)They form connections between
haversian canals
c)They carry blood vessels
d)They are found in compact bone
e)They may be found in the diaphyses of
adult long bones
Each of the following statements
about epiphyseal plates is correct
EXCEPT
a)They are responsible for lengthening of long
bones
b)They appear only after the formation of the
secondary ossification center
c)They ossify prematurely in children lacking
sufficient growth hormone
d)They are composed mainly of elastic cartilage
e)They exhibit the various stages of
endochondral bone formation
a)Hyaline cartilage
b)Elastic cartilage
c)Fibrocartilage
d)All of the above
e)None of the above
1)Primary skeletal
tissue in the fetus
2)Contains
predominantly
reticular fibers
3)No identifiable
perichondrium
4)Most widely
distributed cartilage
type in the body
a)Hyaline cartilage
b)Elastic cartilage
c)Fibrocartilage
d)All of the above
e)None of the above
5)Contains abundant
collagen
6)Is yellowish when
fresh
7)Articular cartilage
8)Predominant
cartilage type in the
external ear
a)Hyaline cartilage
b)Elastic cartilage
c)Fibrocartilage
d)All of the above
e)None of the above
9)Found in the
intervertebral disk
10)Chondrocytes
differentiate from
fibroblasts or
fibroblast-like cells
11)Cartilage of
epiphyseal plates
12)Derives from
mesenchyme
The matrix of connective
tissue is composed of:
a. cells, fibers and ground substance
b. cells and fibers
c. fibers and ground substance
d. cells and ground substance
These cells are located in
bone tissue:
a. chondroblasts
b. osteocytes
c. fibroblasts
d. chondrocytes
The small holes in which some
connective tissue cells reside are
termed:
a.
b.
c.
d.
lumen
lamellae
Lacunae
lamaze
Which of the following suffixes implies
"growth" or "formation":
a. -blast
b. -lemma
c. -stasis
d. -cyte
A tissue viewed under the microscope displays
cells in little holes, densely packed fibers and no
blood vessels. This describes:
a. dense regular connective tissue
b. hyaline cartilage
c. fibrocartilage
d. adipose tissue
The dense connective tissue
covering outer surface of bone
diaphyses is termed
a) perichondrium
b) periosteum
c) endosteum
d) exofibrium
e) articular cartilage a
The ( axial <<>> appendicular )
skeleton is built for support
Concentric rings of bone in
the Haversian system are
called ( lacunae <<>>
lamellae )
Cancellous bone makes bone ( heavy
<<>> light ). It functions to hold the
hematopoietic, or ( blood-forming <<>>
bone-forming ) tissue and is then
called red marrow
By far, most of the
weight of bone is due
to the ( bone cells
<<>> matrix)
Red bone marrow is
found in greatest
amounts in ( long <<>>
short ) bones
Most blood enters and exits a bone via
( Volkmann’s canals <<>> Nutrient
foramina)
Most bone formation in the body
develops by ( intra membranous <<>>
cartilaginous ) formation
The primary ossification center of a
long bone is always in the ( epiphysis
<<>> diaphysis ) of the bone
A phagocytic cell, which destroys
part of the matrix of cartilage so
it can be invaded by blood
vessels and other cells, is called
the ( osteoclast <<>>
chondroclast)
Bone cells are typically found in
the ( canaliculi <<>> lacunae ) of
an Haversian system
Appositional bone growth
involves growth from the (
perichondrium <<>> periosteum)
Since the ( epiosteum <<>>
periosteum ) is the outermost
portion of a long bone, the inner
most edge is called the (
endosteum <<>> compact portion
).
The ( axial <<>> appendicular )
skeleton protects the brain, lungs
and spinal cord
Hemopoiesis occurs mainly in (
medullary <<>> epiphyseal ) cavities
of long bones, and spongy bone of flat
bones
Calcitonin ( increases <<>> decreases
) calcium levels in the blood while
parahormone ( increases <<>>
decreases ) calcium levels in the
blood.
(Trabeculae <<>> Volkmann's
canals ) are a component of
spongy bone
A freely movable joint is a (
synarthrosis <<>> diarthrosis)
A(n) ( amphiarthrosis <<>>
synarthrosis ) is a immovable
joint.
The hip and shoulder joints are
examples of ( hinge <<>> balland-socket ) joints.
The joints between the individual
bones of the tarsals are ( gliding
<<>> saddle ) joints
Forward movement of most of the
body parts is called ( flexion <<>>
extension)
Synovial fluid is made by the
synovial membrane; the latter is
continuous with the ( ligaments
<<>> Periosteum ) attached to the
bone.
(Pivot <<>> Ball-and-socket )
joints exist between the axis and
atlas and between the radial
notch and the head of the radius
Gliding <<>> Condyloid ) joints exist
between individual bones of the
carpals.
(
The joint between the first
metacarpal of the hand and the
trapezium of the carpals is a (
hinge <<>> saddle ) joint
Holding your pen as your write
your notes is an example of (
abduction <<>> opposition ) of
your finger and thumb
Movement in a circular motion
that describes the open part of a
cone is called ( rotation <<>>
circumduction)
Turning-type motion is called (
abduction <<>> rotation ).
Movement in one plane only, i.e.,
backward and forward, is allowed
at ( hinge <<>> condyloid ) joints
Pulling your shoulders back when
standing straight indicates (
adduction <<>> retraction ) of
your shoulders
Increasing the angle at a joint is (
flexion <<>> extension)




A) Temporal Bones
B) Sphenoid
C) Lacrimal bones
D) Maxillae
 1) These very small bones
are at the medial border of
each eye.
 2) Failure of these anterior
bones to fuse causes a
condition known as cleft
palate.
 3) This bone houses the
apparatus of the inner and
middle ear.
 4) This bone is wing-shaped
and extends behind the eyes
and forms part of the floor of
the cranial vault.
 5) The bones that contain
teeth
 6) This bone has a
pasageway into the nasal
cavity.
 7) The sella turcica is a
portion of this bone.




A) Coccyx
B) Lumbar vertebrae
C) Atlas
D) Thoracic
vertebrae
 1)Thickest centrum with short
blunt spinous processes
 2)Fused rudimentary tailbone
 3)A circle of bone that
articulates
superiorly with the occipital
condyles
 4) These bones have articular
facets for the ribs.
 5) Allows the head to nod
eyes
T or F: All of the bones of the skull, except
the mandible, are united by sutures and
are therefore immovable.
T or F: The foramen magnum goes through
the occipital bone.
T or F: The vertebral column is held in
place primarily by the anterior and
posterior longitudinal ligaments.
T or F: Costal cartilages join most ribs to
the sternum.
T or F: The tubercle of a rib articulates with
the transverse process of a vertebra.
T or F: The term vertebrochondral ribs
refers to ribs that attach to each other
before they attach to the sternum.
T or F: In the anatomical position, the
lateral forearm bone is the radius.
T or F: The vomer forms part of the nasal
septum.
T or F: The lacrimal bones contain
openings that allow the tear ducts to pass.
T or F: There are seven cervical, twelve
thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
T or F: All vertebrae possess a body, a
spine, and transverse foramina.
T or F: The dens articulates with the axis.
T or F: The master gland of the body
(pituitary gland) is housed in a saddlelike
depression in the temporal bone
called the sella turcica.
T or F: The ischium articulates with both
the ilium and the pubis.
1) A structure found on the
femur is the ________.
A) anterior crest
B) malleolus
C) linea aspera
D) apex
Which forms the major portion
of the coxal bone?
A) ischium
B) pubis
C) ilium
D) pelvic
The inferiormost part of the
sternum is the ________.
A) xiphoid process
B) body
C) manubrium
D) ala
The membranous areas
between the cranial bones of
the fetal skull are called
________.
A) areolas
B) foramina
C) sutures
D) fontanels
The axial skeleton contains
________.
A) the skull, vertebral column, and pelvis
B) arms, legs, hands, and feet
C) the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
D) shoulder and pelvic girdles
The ethmoid bone is composed
of all of the following except the
________.
A) superior nasal concha
B) crista galli
C) cribriform plate
D) inferior nasal concha
Only the ________ vertebra
does not have a body.
A) last lumbar
B) axis
C) atlas
D) last cervical
The suture that connects the
two parietal bones together is
the ________.
A) coronal
B) sagittal
C) lambdoid
D) squamosal
The pituitary gland is housed in
the ________.
A) vomer bone
B) sinuses of the ethmoid
C) sella turcica of the sphenoid
D) foramen lacerum
The hyoid bone is unique
because ________.
A) it is the only bone of the body that does
not articulate with any other bone
B) it is shaped like a plow
C) it is covered with mucosa
D) it has no specific function
Along with support, the broad
anterior ligament of the
vertebral column also acts to
________.
A) hold the discs in place
B) prevent hyperextension of the spine
C) hold the spine erect
D) protect the spinal cord
The major function of the
intervertebral discs is to
________.
A) absorb shock
B) string the vertebrae together
C) prevent injuries
D) prevent hyperextension
All of the following facial bones
are paired except one. Which of
the following is the unpaired
facial bone?
A) palatine
B) lacrimal
C) vomer
D) maxillae
Paranasal sinuses are found in
which of these facial bones?
A) zygomatic
B) nasal conchae
C) vomer
D) maxillae
Which of the following is an
abnormal lateral curvature of
the vertebral column often seen
in the thoracic
region?
A) kyphosis
B) scoliosis
C) lordosis
D) swayback
Which part of the vertebral
column receives the most stress
by bearing most of the weight of
the body?
A) the sacrum
B) the cervical region
C) the lumbar region
D) the sacral promontory
Thoracic vertebrae T2 through
T8 differ from the others in that
________.
A) they have no transverse processes
B) they have superior and inferior
demifacets
C) they have transverse foramina
D) they have no intervertebral discs
The major function of the axial
skeleton is to ________.
A) give the body resilience
B) provide an attachment point for muscles
that allow movement
C) provide central support for the body and
protect internal organs
D) provide a space for the heart and lungs
The antebrachium is composed
of which of the following two
bones?
A) the radius and the ulna
B) the humerus and the clavicle
C) the scapula and the clavicle
D) the humerus and the radius
The true wrist or carpus consists
of ________.
A) a group of eight short bones united by
ligaments
B) the phalanges
C) the styloid processes of the radius and
ulna
D) the metacarpals
The short bone that attaches to
the third metacarpal is the
________.
A) trapezoid
B) hamate
C) capitate
D) triquetral
The bone in direct contact with
the first metatarsal (big toe) is
the ________.
A) medial cuneiform
B) lateral cuneiform
C) cuboid
D) calcaneus
The skull bone that the foramen
magnum passes through is the
________.
A) atlas
B) axis
C) occipital
D) parietal
The middle nasal concha is part
of which bone?
A) maxilla
B) zygomatic
C) nasal
D) ethmoid
The superior nasal concha is a
part of which bone?
A) vomer
B) ethmoid
C) sphenoid
D) maxilla
The following is not a structure
found on the ischium.
A) superior ramus
B) inferior ramus
C) lesser sciatic notch
D) superior body
The tibia is in contact with which
tarsus?
A) calcaneus
B) cuboid
C) navicular
D) talus
The heel bone is called the ________.
The medial condyle of the femur articulates with the
medial condyle of the ________.
The largest foramen in the body is the ________
foramen.
The styloid process of the ________
points to the thumb.
The ________ is the primary bone in the
septum of the nose.
Your cheek is composed of the ________
bone.
Example Open
Questions
How are the pectoral and pelvic girdles
structurally different? How is this difference
reflected in their
functions?
Answer: The pectoral girdle moves freely across the
thorax and allows the upper limb a high degree of
mobility, while the pelvic girdle is secured to the axial
skeleton to provide strength and support.
Which are the four major sutural bones
and between which bones are they
found?
Answer: 1. Coronal parietal
and frontal
2. Sagittal between
the parietal bones
3. Squamous parietal
and temporal
4. Lambdoidal parietal
and occipital
If the hyoid bone is not attached to another
bone why is it so important?
Answer: The hyoid acts as an attachment point for muscles
in the throat region to connect the muscles in the
lower jaw region. It allows for the muscles to make a right
angle at the junction of the lower jaw and
throat. The hyoid serves as a movable base for the tongue
and its horns are attachment points for neck
muscles that raise and lower the larynx during speech and
swallowing.
What is the purpose of the articular
processes of the vertebrae?
Answer: These processes (superior and inferior) allow
the vertebral column to flex forward some, but lock the
vertebrae if the column is flexed back. In a fourlegged
animal, such as a horse, these processes allow
the back to remain in place while you ride it.
1. List four groups of bones based
upon their shapes, and name an
example from each group.
a. Long bones—femur and humerus
b. Short bones—tarsals and carpals
c. Flat bones—ribs, scapulae, and bones
of the skull
d. Irregular bones—vertebrae and many
facial bones
Sketch a typical long bone, and label its
epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity,
periosteum, and articular cartilages.
See figure 7.2, page 183.
3. Distinguish between spongy and
compact bone. Compact bone is
comprised of tightly packed tissue that is
strong, solid, and resistant to bending.
Spongy bone consists of numerous
branching bony plates.
Irregular interconnected spaces occur
between these plates, thus reducing the
weight of the bone.
Explain how central canals and perforating
canals are related. Central canals
(Haversian canals) contain one or two small blood
vessels and a nerve, surrounded by loose
connective tissue. These vessels provide
nourishment for the bone cells associated with the
osteonic canals. The osteonic canals run
longitudinally. Perforating canals (Volkmann’s
canals) run transversely and contain larger blood
vessels and nerves by which the vessels and
nerves in osteonic canals communicate with the
surface of the bone and the medullary cavity.
Distinguish between osteoblasts and
osteocytes. Osteoblasts are boneforming cells. Osteocytes are mature bone
cells surrounded by matrix.
Explain the function of an epiphyseal
plate.
The epiphyseal plate is a band of
cartilage that is left between the primary
and secondary ossification centers. This
plate includes rows of young cells that are
undergoing mitosis and producing new
cells. As the epiphyseal plate thickens due
to the new cells, bone length is increased.
Describe the functions of red and yellow bone
marrow.
Red marrow functions in the formation of red blood
cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets. Its red
color is derived from the oxygen-carrying pigment
hemoglobin. Yellow marrow functions in fat storage
and is inactive in blood cell production
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular
skeletons.
The axial skeleton consists of the bones that make
up the skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column,
and the thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton
consists of the pectoral girdle, the bones that
comprise the upper and lower limbs, and the pelvic
girdle.