Chapter 7
Skeletal Tissues
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Introduction
 Description of bone
 Active living Tissue
 Organ
 Functions of bone
 Muscle attachment
 Protection
 Support
 Blood cell production
 Mineral storage
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Types of Bones - varied
structure to meet varied
needs
 Four Types
 Long bones
 Short bones
 Flat bones
 Irregular bones
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Types of Bone Tissue
 Compact bone
 Cancellous
bone (Spongy
Bone)
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Parts of a long bone
 Diaphysis
 Epiphyses
 Articular
Cartilage
 Periosteum
 Medullary
cavity
 Endosteum
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Short, flat and irregular
bones
 Inner portion - Cancellous bone
 Outer portion - compact bone
 Some with bone marrow
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Bone Tissue Characteristics
 Connective tissue
 Great Tensile strength
 Composition of bone matrix
 Inorganic salts
 Crystals of calcium and phosphate
 Magnesium and sodium
 ground substance
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Dancing skeleton Puppet
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Bare bones
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Microscopic Structure of the
Bone (Figure 7-3)
 Compact bone
 Osteons, or Haversian systems
 Canals connecting cells and osteonsCanaliculi and Volkmann’s
 Osteocytes
 Purpose
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The structure of bone
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Microscopic Structure of the
Bone
 Compact bone
 Four types of structures make up
each osteon:
 Lamella
 Lacunae
 Canaliculi
 Haversian canal (central canal)
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Microscopic Structure of the
Bone
 Cancellous bones (spongy)
 No osteons
 Trabeculae - support marrow
 Nutrients and waste transported by
diffusion
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Types of bone cells
 Osteocytes
 Osteoblasts
 Osteoclasts
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The life of an osteoclast
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Bone Marrow
 Made of myeloid tissue
 Red marrow - produce of blood cells
 Located in medullary cavities of long
bones and in the spaces of spongy
bone
 Two types of marrow
 Red marrow
 Yellow marrow
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Regulation of Blood
Calcium Levels
 Cells that maintain constancy of blood
calcium levels
 Osteoblasts -take calcium from blood to build bone
 Osteoclasts - remove calcium from bone
 Homeostasis essential
 Bone formation, remodeling, and repair
 Blood clotting
 nerve impulses
 Muscle contraction
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Mechanisms of calcium
homeostasis
 Parathyroid hormone - primary calcium
regulator
 Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone
 Increase renal absorption
 Stimulates vitamin D synthesis
 Calcitonin - produced in thyroid
 Stimulates bone deposit by osteoblasts
 Inhibits osteoclasts
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Development of Bone
 Osteogenesis
 Intramembranous ossification (flat bones)




Osteoblasts formed
Osteoblasts secrete matrix and collagen
Calcium is deposited
Trabeculae form
 Endochondral ossification (long bones) begin as cartilage
 Diaphysis ossifies before epiphysis
 Epiphyseal plate - growth plate
 Layers
 Resting cartilage
 Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy
 Zone of calcification
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Fractures
 Fracture - damages tissues and
blood vessels
 Vascular damage initiates repair
 Fracture healing
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steps
 Callus forms - specialized repair tissue
- binds broken ends together
 Fracture hematoma - blood clot occurs after fracture, then resorbed
and replaced by callus
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Compression fracture
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Depression fracture
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Impacted fracture
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Spiral fracture
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Greenstick Fracture
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Simple fracture
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Compound fracture
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Dislocation
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Cartilage
 Characteristics
 Avascular
 Fibers embedded in gel
 Flexibility of firm plastic
 Chondrocytes - nutrients, oxygen by
diffusion
 Perichondrium- covering
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Cartilage - differ because of
amount of matrix and fibers
 Types of cartilage
 Hyaline cartilage - most common
 Articular surfaces, found in trachea,
bronchi, tip of nose
 Elastic cartilage - external ear,
epiglottis, eustachian tubes
 Fibrocartilage - occurs in
symphysis pubis, intervertebral
discs
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Cartilage
 Histophysiology of cartilage -
permits cartilage to sustain great
weight/serve as shock absorber
 Growth of cartilage
 Interstitial or endogenous growth cartilage cels divide/secrete matrix -
during childhood/adolescense
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Cycle of Life: Skeletal
Tissues
 Ossified by mid-twenties
 Adults—changes occur from specific
conditions
 Increased density and strength from exercise
 Decreased density and strength from
pregnancy, nutritional deficiencies, and illness
 Advanced adulthood—apparent
degeneration
 Hard bone matrix replaced by softer
connective tissue
 Exercise can counteract degeneration
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Skeletal movement
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