1_Biology 1 Study Guide First
Quarter 2009
1) What is an instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image called?
______________________

**2) What type of glassware would be used when culturing bacteria?
______________________

**3.) Which is the most appropriate piece of equipment to use when measuring the mass of a leaf?
______________________

4)Which is the most appropriate piece of equipment to use when measuring 40 mL of water?
______________________

5) Which microscope might a scientist use to observe a virus??
______________________

6) What is the greatest magnification of a compound light microscope currently can have??
______________________

7) A scientist noticed that the number of salamanders in ponds in the Rocky Mountains was declining. This is an example of which step of the scientific method?
______________________

8) A controlled experiment is set up in duplicate. A single factor is changed in one setup but no change is made in the other setup. What is the factor that was changed?
______________________

9) When enough experimental data supports a hypothesis, what does the hypothesis become?
______________________

10) Two similar species of rodents live in the same forest. A biologist observes that one rodent population is much larger than the other. The biologist believes that the difference is due to better protective coloration in the larger population. A research project is set up to test this idea. What is the biologist’s idea that the population numbers are influenced by coloration called?
______________________

11 Upon what is the metric based on?
______________________

**12) What is the basic unit of length in SI?
______________________

13) What is the basic unit of volume in SI?
______________________

14) Be able to read a graduated cylinder .
______________________

15) Which of these substances moves across cell membranes by osmosis (food, minerals, water, wastes)?
______________________

16) How does active transport differ from passive transport?
______________________

17) Molecules that are too large to be moved through the membrane are transported into the cell through what process ?
______________________

18) Be able to identify diffusion given a diagram?
______________________

19) What is the movement of a substance from a area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration ?
______________________

28) A cell will swell when placed in a what type of solution? (see next slide for details)
______________________

Osmosis in animal and plant cells plasma membrane
Slide number: 1
Animal cells
In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water.
In a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell, which may burst (lysis).
In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell, which shrivels (crenation).
Plant cells
In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water.
In a hypotonic solution, vacuoles fill with water, turgor pressure develops, and chloroplasts are seen next to the cell wall.
cell wall
In a hypertonic solution, vacuoles lose water, the cytoplasm shrinks
(plasmolysis), and chloroplasts are seen in the center of the cell.
plasma membrane chloroplast
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21) Osmosis is a type of what kind of transport?
______________________

22) About twenty to twenty-four hours after the previous meal, a person's blood-sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligram per 100 milliliters of blood, through it may rise to 130 mg/100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates. The fact that the blood-sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range despite uneven intake of sugar is due to the body’s ability to carry out what process??
______________________

23) Be able to determine motion into or out of a cell based on concentration.
(see examples next three slides)
______________________

= Water
= Solute
Osmosis Cont…
• Hypotonic Solutions: Solutions in which more solute is present in the cell than outside of the cell.
More water outside the cell then inside the cell, therefore, the net movement of water will be into the cell where more solute is present
.

= Water
= Solute
Osmosis Cont…
• Hypertonic Solution: A solution where there is more solute present outside of the cell than inside the cell.
More water was located inside the cell then outside of the cell, therefore the net movement of water will be out of the cell to where there was more solute.

= Water
= Solute
Osmosis Cont…
• Isotonic Solution: A solution where there is equal concentration of water inside and outside of the cell, therefore the net movement of water is equal in and out of the cell.

25) What is the process of the cell ridding itself of materials by discharging the materials in vesicles??
______________________

26) The molecules made by living cells are mainly assembled around which element?
______________________

26) Which of the following is not a carbohydrate (energy producer)? ( glucose,
C
6
H
12
O
6
, lipid )

27) Proteins are made of which type of subunit?
______________________

28) All of the following are organic (C, H, O) molecules except ( glucose, salt, DNA, carbohydrate)?
______________________

29) What is the major role of lipids within the cell?
______________________

30) Which of the following: fat, carbohydrates, protein, or heredity information, does DNA store that is important to all cellular functions?
______________________

31) What type of protein acts as a biological catalyst lowering the activation energy of a reaction or changes the speed of the reaction?
______________________

32) What are carbohydrates and lipids are able to store in their bonds?
______________________

33) Most of the food and waste materials that move into and out of a cell pass through what type of organic molecule in the cell membrane?
______________________

34) Phospholipids are molecules that form the lipid bilayer of which important cell part: nucleus, centriole, microfilament, or cell membrane?
______________________

35) RNA plays an integral role in the production of which important molecule made of amino acids?
______________________

36) Most carbohydrates in the human body are used for what?
______________________

37) Which of the following organic compounds: nucleic acid, lipid, protein, or carbohydrates, functions in the building of bond and muscle?
______________________

38) When a single molecule binds to the receptor protein, the receptor protein speeds up chemical reactions inside the cell. The receptor protein is an example of what type of catalytic substance?
______________________

39) What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
______________________

40) What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
______________________

41) Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into what?
______________________

42) A green plant is kept in a brightly lighted area for 48 hours. If the light intensity is reduced slightly during the next 48 hours what will most likely happen to the rate at which oxygen is released from the plant?
______________________

43) The equation below represents a summary of a biological process. In which cell organelle is this process completed?
Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + water + oxygen
______________________

44) What is the process in which plants capture sunlight for energy and make organic molecules known as?
______________________

45) Light energy is converted to chemical energy through what process?
______________________

46) As light intensity increases, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
______________________

47.
14.
Figure 7.7 Overview of an animal cell
15.
17.
16.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the control center?
What number?
13.
5.
8.
7.
6.
12.
10.
11.
9.

47.
14.
13.
12.
10.
11.
Figure 7.7 Overview of an animal cell
15.
17.
16.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where is the structure for maintaining homeostasis?
What is it called?
5.
8.
7.
6.
9.
18., 19.

15.
47.
10a.
14.
13.
12.
11.
Figure 7.8 Overview of a plant cell
18.
1.
2.
3.
10.
17.
16.
9.
4.
5.
6., 7., 8.

47.
Identify this structure.
What is its function?
Is it located in the animal, plant or both?

47.
Identify this structure.
What is it function?
Is it located in the animal, plant or both?

47.
Identify these structures on the ER.
What is it function?
Is it located in the animal, plant or both?

48) Some ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm, while others are located on the
______________________

49) Rough endoplasmic reticulum differs from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in which of the following ways?
______________________

50) What is two significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
______________________

51) A single prokaryotic cell can divide several times in an hour in a hour. Few eukaryotic cells can divide as quickly. What best explains this difference?
______________________

52) A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of what organelle?
______________________

53) What is the function of the cell membrane in all cells?
______________________

54) What cell organelle would be present large numbers in a plant cell involved in sugar production?
______________________

55) What are distinct types of cells that work together to perform a common function called?
______________________
Organization levels of biology.

56) What is the lowest level of organization that includes the living and non-living components of an area? (check out next two slides)
______________________

57) Given a diagram be able to identify levels of the environment?

58) What is the name of the process in which the nucleus is divided into two nuclei?
______________________

59) During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing how many chromosomes?
______________________

60) What is the name of the process necessary for reproduction, growth, and repair of cells?
______________________

61) Mitosis is a form of what type of reproduction in cells
______________________

62) What is a form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells, such as gametes or spores?
______________________

63) What is the name of the process by which gametes of animals are formed?
______________________

64) If an organism's diploid number is 12, what is the haploid number ?
______________________

65) Normal human males develop from fertilized eggs containing the combination of which sex chromosomes?
______________________

67) What are chromatids?
______________________

67) What is the longest stage of the cell cycle and what phase does it make up?
______________________

68) What is the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA of chromosomes during prophase I called?
______________________

69) Be able identify DNA base pairs.
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

70) DNA replication results in what two DNA molecules?
______________________

71) RNA is unlike DNA in that it has only one strand. Why is RNA still very important?
______________________

72) Guanine typically occurs in the same amount as what other nitrogen base within an organism?
______________________

73) RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that its sugars have an additional oxygen atom, and the base thymine is replaced by a structurally similar base called what?
______________________

74) Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are related?

75) What are the three components of nucleotide?
______________________

76) During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, what will be the new strand?
______________________

77) Be able to identify steps in protein synthesis given a diagram.

78) Be able to identify the number of codons in a DNA sequence.

79) Be able to write complementary strands of
DNA.

80) About twelve to twenty-four hours after the previous meal, a person’s blood-sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligrams per
100 milliliters of blood, though it may rise to 130 mg/100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates.
The fact that the blood-sugar level is
maintained within a fairly narrow range despite uneven intake of sugar is due to the body’s ability to carry out what process?

81) Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival is called ______ (balance in nature)

82) Common Steps Used By
Scientist to Gather information and Answer
Questions are ___________

83) A ______________ is an explanation for a question or problem that can be tested

83) The _______________ variable is the one condition in an experiment that is tested.

84) The ______________ variable is the condition that changes.

85) A hypothesis that is supported by many different investigations and observations becomes a _______

87) The hypothesis is tested by a/an
___________________ or further observations.

88) Which of the following procedures is considered a scientific method?
a. Collecting data b. Making a hypothesis c. Observing d. All of the above

89) Which of the following units is part of the
International System of
Measurement (SI)?
a. Pound b. Inch c. Meter d. Gallon

90) Molecules make up
___________

92) Be able to Identify reactants, products, and equilibrium.
? 1.
Sun ? 2.
CO
2
+ H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 0
2
? 3.

93) The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion continues until there is no ____________ _________

94) What is the diffusion of water across a differentially (selectively) permeable membrane due to concentration differences.

95) What biological molecule is used for energy and to create structures?
What are the building blocks for carbohydrates?

96) Fill in the blanks;
Lipids are used by cells for
_____ ________, insulation, and ___________ coatings, such as in _____________.

97) ___________ provide structure for tissue and organs and carry out cell metabolism and provide the body with the ability to move muscles.

98) __________, speed up reactions and are a type of protein.

99) What is this structure?
What is the name of the biological structure?

**182) There are two kinds of nucleic acids,
_______ and ________.
Both are involved in the storage and flow of information from gene to gene.

101) The cell cycle includes:
______________, mitosis, and
________________.

102) A chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber by the
________________.

103) Cell containing two alleles for each trait are described as
________________

104) True or False?
Meiosis leads to variation in a species
________________

105) True or False?
Meiosis is a way to reproduce, but mitosis is not
________________

106) Egg and sperm production requires what reproductive process?
________________

107) Meiosis and mitosis are two different reproductive processes.
Which process does Crossing over occur?
________

108) The process by which nuclear materials is divided equally between two new cells is
_______________

109) The dark-staining structures that carry the genetic material are the
_________________

110) A segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein:
_______________

111) Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes to
___ or ___________

112) When 1n from gametes produce the zygote, what is the chromosome number restored to?
_______________

Rapid growth and metabolic activity
DNA synthesis and replication
Centrioles replicate; cell prepares for division
Mitosis:
Interphase:
Cytokinesis
113) Which part of the cell cycle is shown as red?
Which part of the cell cycle is shown as purple?
Which part of the cell cycle is shown as yellow?

114) Is process 1:
Mitosis, Meiosis,
Gametogenesis, or
Diffusion?
2 n
Process 1
2 n
2 n
Process 2
1 n
1 n
1 n
1 n

Process 1
2 n
2 n
115) Is process 2:
Mitosis, Meiosis,
Gametogenesis, or
Diffusion?
2 n
Process 2
1 n
1 n
1 n
1 n

116) Identify these dark structures and each stage.
Chromosomes

undergo
?
s kin cells
2n s kin cells
2n
117) Study the sequence below.
Which cellular process is missing from the sequence?
Meiosis, mitosis, respiration, fertilization, or photosynthesis

118) What is the formula for photosynthesis?
CO
2
+ H
2
O + energy  C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2

119) Which of the following describes an organism that has the genotype “Bb”

120) Crossing over results in a ________.

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
6 CO
2
Photon energy 6 H
2
O
6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O + energy  C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
6 O
2
C
6
H
12
O
6
“Glucose”
6 CO
2
ATP energy
6 H
2
O
C
6
H
12
O
6
Hickox: Baker Biology
+ 6 O
2
 6 CO energy
2
+ 6 H
2
O +

122) Problem: A female guinea pig homozygous dominant for black fur color is mated with a male homozygous for white fur color. In a litter of eight offspring, there would probably be___ (show w/
Punnett square)
_________

123) Problem: In chickens, rose comb
(R) is dominant to single comb (r). A homozygous rose-combed rooster is mated with a sing-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F
1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F
2 chicks?

124) In mink, brown fur color is dominant to silver-blue for color. If a homozygous brown mink is mated with a silver-blue mink and 8 offspring are produced, how many would be expected to be silverblue? (use Punnett square)
_________

125) Problem: A white mouse whose parents are both white produces only brown offspring when mated with a brown mouse. The white mouse is most probably
(use Punnett square)

2

2

139) Fill in each all the possible blood types- 3 co-dominant alleles
Sperm  egg
A
B
O
AB
A
A, O
A, B, O,
AB
A, O
B
A, B, O,
AB
B, O
B, O
A, B, AB A, B, AB
O AB
A, O A, B, AB
B, O
A, B, AB
O A, B
A, B A, B, AB

142) The type of mutation in which chromosomes abnormally occur when one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome
_____________________

146) Identify the structure: mRNA

147) Identify the structure: t RNA

148) Identify the structure:

149) Identify the structure:

150) Identify the structure:

151) Identify the structure:

155) Which piece of equipment can Best measure the volume of ink in a pen?
B)
A) 10 ml beaker
10 ml graduated cylinder
C)
100 ml beaker
D)
100 ml graduated cylinder

156)
A scientist performs a series of experiments to confirm an idea regarding cellular metabolism.
The results of her experiments support her initial idea, and after conferring with colleagues, she discovers that the evidence from many experiments has supported the same idea. This idea now can be considered a(an) ____ A) theory B) hypothesis C) observation D) conclusion

157)

158)
Sugar dissolves in, or mixes completely with water. The solubility of a substance in water is determined by measuring the maximum amount of the substance that dissolves in a given amount of water at a given temperature. Hypothesis: The solubility of sugar in water increases as the temperature of the water decreases. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable that you would use to test the hypothesis.

159)
Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration through the process of
____.

160)
Molecules move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration through the process of ____.

161)
A single-celled paramecium is placed into a dish that contains distilled water. Which statement describes the cell processes that allow the paramecium to achieve homeostasis.
A) Water leaves the cell by osmosis and contractile vacuoles obtain water by diffusion
B) Water leaves the cell by osmosis and contractile vacuoles obtain water by active transport
C)Water enters the cell by osmosis, and contractile vacuoles eliminate excess water by diffusion
D) Water enters the cell by osmosis, and contractile vacuoles eliminate excess water by active transport

162)

163)

164)

165)

166)
Photosynthesis while 2 conducts respiration.

167)

168)
The following sequence of DNA is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for the following segment:
GAT CAG CGC AAT TTA

169)

170)
Which student report best explains how genes and proteins are related?
Student C G A T
1 12 12 40 40
2
3
4
38
10
22
20
38
15
38
20
17
20
38
22

171)
B
C
D
In pea plants, the allele for round seeds is dominant over wrinkled seeds. Plant 1 has round seeds and plant 2 has wrinkled seeds.
When these plants are crossed, 50% of their offspring have round seed and 50% have wrinkled seeds. Which statement about the parent plants is correct?
A
Statement Plant 1
Heterozygous
Plant 2
Heterozygous
Monozygous dominant
Homozygous dominant
Heterozygous
Homozygous recessive
Heterozygous
Homozygous