Muscles and Bones
This lesson covers:
• Part 1 - Five functions of bones
• Part 2 – Parts of a bone
• Part 3 – Types of joints
• Part 4 – Bone names
• Part 5 – Connective Tissue
• Part 6 – Three types of muscles
• Part 7 – How muscles work
• Part 8 – Muscle names
• Part 9 – Muscle and bone problems
• Part 10 – Care of muscles & bones
Bones are part of
what body system?
Part 1: Five functions
of bones
Your bones have five
really important jobs:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Protection
Structure & Support
Movement
Make Blood Cells
Store Minerals
1) Protection
• Your bones protect
important body
organs
• For example, your
skull protects
your brain
1) Protection
• Your ribs
protect your
lungs and heart
• Your vertebrae
protect your
spinal cord
2) Structure and Support
• Your bones give
your body
structure,
support, and
shape
• Without bones,
you would be a
giant blob
• Dog
• Snake
• Bat
• Frog
Can you guess the animal based
on the shape of the skeleton?
• Muscles connect to bones to
allow for movement
3) Movement
• Muscles contract, pulling
your bones in a certain
direction
3) Movement
4) Make Blood Cells
• Red blood
cells,
white blood
cells, and
platelets
are made in
the bone
marrow
• Minerals
like
calcium
and
phosphorus
are stored
inside
your bones
5) Store Minerals
• These
minerals
make bones
strong and
hard to
break
5) Store Minerals
‘Dem Bones Are Important!
Part 2: Parts of
a bone
• The saying “dry
as a bone” is
not correct
• Bones are alive
• They have all
sorts of cool
layers
Bone Marrow
Periosteum
Spongy Bone
Bone Marrow Cavity
Compact Bone
Label the Bone Parts:
Explain the Bone Parts:
Bone Marrow:
Where blood
cells are
formed
Spongy Bone: Lighter,
more porous
Periosteum: Thin
Bone Marrow Cavity:
outer membrane
Contains bone marrow
Peri = outer, edge
Osteo = bone
Compact Bone:
Harder, heavier,
more dense
You can even explore bone
cell structure if you wish!
Osteons are cylindershaped structures
containing bone cells
Bones are
cool, yo !
Part 3: Types of Joints
• Any point at
which bones meet
is called a joint
• Most joints are
movable, such as
elbows, knees,
fingers, and toes
Part 3: Types of Joints
• Some joints do
not move
• For example:
– Where bones of
your skull meet
– Your tailbone
(coccyx)
Sutures are
the points
where
immovable
joints
connect
Newborn
babies have
soft spots
where the
sutures
have not
yet closed
permanently
Let’s look at the
following kinds of joints:
• Hinge
• Gliding
• Pivot
• Ball and Socket
Hinge Joints:
• One direction
only
• Like a door
hinge
• Knees & elbows
are hinges
Gliding Joints:
• Bones can slide
and rub against
each other
• Limited movement
• Wrists, ankles
Pivot Joints:
• Allow for spinning
and limited
rotation
• Where radius meets
humerus at elbow
• Where head meets
neck
Ball and Socket Joints:
• Move in all
directions
• Allow
rotation
• Hips and
shoulders
Part 4: Bone names
• Your body
has 206
bones!
• Each bone
has a name
• Cranial bones (8)
• Facial bones (14)
• In the middle ears (6)
•
•
•
•
•
In the throat (1)
Shoulder girdle (4)
In the thorax (25)
Ribs (2 x 12)
Vertebral column (24)
• In the arms (2)
• In the forearms (4)
• In the hands (54)
•
•
•
•
In
In
In
In
the
the
the
the
pelvis (4)
thighs (2)
legs (6)
feet (52)
206 Bones?
Let’s
learn
the
names of
a few
common
bones:
Skull Bones:
Front view of Skull:
Side View of Skull:
Arm and
Hand Bones:
How many ribs
do you have?
7 total
12 total
5 total
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 4
Vertebrae
(back bones)
Pelvis
Bone
Anatomy:
Leg and
Foot
Bones:
Can You
Name
Them
Bones?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 – Cranium (skull)
2 – Mandible (jaw)
3 – Clavicle (collar bone)
4 – Sternum (breast bone)
5 - Humerus
6 - Ribs
7 – Vertebrae (back)
8 - Pelvis
9 – Ulna (pinky side)
10 – Radius (thumb side)
11 - Carpals
12 - Metacarpals
13 – Phalanges (fingers)
14 - Femur
15 – Patella (knee cap)
16 – Tibia (shin)
17 – Fibula (outside ankle)
18 - Tarsals
19 - Metatarsals
20 – Phalanges (toes)
Good job, you bone heads!
Part 5: Connective
Tissue
• Let’s look at
four types of
connective tissue
– Ligaments
– Tendons
– Cartilage
– Synovial Fluid
Ligaments:
• Connect
bones to
bones at
a joint
Ligaments:
• Strong cords
of tissue
that hold
your skeleton
together
• Keep your
joints from
popping out
of place
every time
you move
Ligaments:
• Ligaments
can be
damaged!
Tendons:
• Attach
muscle
to bone
Tendons:
• Tough bands of
tissue
• Very strong and
flexible
Tendons:
• The Achilles
Tendon attaches
the calf muscle
to the back of
the heel
• Rupturing this
tendon is not a
good idea
Cartilage:
• Strong,
flexible
tissue which
provides
cushioning
where bones
meet
• Also provides
for some
movement
Places made of Cartilage:
• Nose
• Ears
• Where the ribs
meet the sternum
Places made of Cartilage:
Places made of Cartilage:
• In rings around
the trachea
(windpipe)
• Keeps your
breathing tube
from collapsing
• Anywhere long
bones meet
• Knees, elbows,
ankles, you
name it!
Places made of Cartilage:
Synovial Fluid:
• Lubricates
the joints
where the
bones meet
• Very slimy
and slippery
Synovial Fluid:
• Without proper
synovial fluid,
your cartilage
is damaged
• Bones rub
against rough
cartilage,
causing pain
Part 6: Three types
of muscles
1. Skeletal (voluntary)
2. Smooth (involuntary)
3. Cardiac (heart)
Types of Muscle:
• Found only in
the heart
• Striped or
striated, you
can move
voluntarily
• Found on
stomach,
intestines,
cannot
voluntarily
move
Microscopic Slides:
Part 7: How muscles work
• Muscles
contract
because
nerves from
your brain
and spinal
cord tell
them to
contract
• Microscopic
view of a
nerve cell
(neuron)
connecting to
muscle cells
How muscles work:
How muscles work:
• Most voluntary
muscles work in
opposing pairs
on opposite
sides of a joint
• One muscle
contracts, the
other relaxes
• The biceps
contract,
the triceps
relax
• The triceps
contract,
the biceps
relax
One example:
Another example:
• Back muscles
and abdominal
muscles work
in opposition
• One contracts,
the other
relaxes
• Chest and back
muscles work
in opposition
• Chest muscles
push arms out,
back muscles
pull arms back
Last Example:
Part 8: Muscle names
•There are
over 600
muscles in
the human
body
•Each has a
name!
Names
of
Common
Muscles
What is your Shoulder
muscle called?
What is your Chest
muscle called?
What is the
muscle
which
connects
your neck
and
shoulders
called?
What is
the large
pulling
back
muscle
called?
What are you bottocks
(rear end) muscles called?
What is the name of the
muscle group on the back
of your arm called?
What is the name of the
muscle group on the front
of your arm called?
What are your Calf
muscles called?
What are your Front Thigh
muscles called?
What are your Back Thigh
muscles called?
What are your Abdominal
muscles called?
• T
• D
• D
• P
• B
• A
• Q
• T
?
First
Letters
are given
as hints
• L
• G
• H
• C
• A
Good job,
muscle heads!
Part 9: Muscle and
bone problems
• Let’s examine
the following
bone problems:
1. Osteoporosis
2. Fractures
3. Arthritis
4. Scoliosis
1. Osteoporosis:
• Brittle and
porous bones
• It develops
over time
• Affects women
more than men
• What increases
risk?
– Not enough calcium
and Vitamin D
– Not enough
exercise
– Lack of certain
hormones
1. Osteoporosis:
1. Osteoporosis:
• Can lead to
broken bones
• Can lead to
shortened
stature and
posture problems
2. Fractures:
• A break in
a bone is
called a
fracture
• Let’s look
at several
types of
fractures
Greenstick
Fracture:
• Bone is not
completely
broken
• Sometimes
called a
“hairline”
fracture
• Bone is broken
completely
• Bone has not
poked through
the skin
Simple
Fracture:
Compound
Fracture:
• Bone is
broken
completely
• Bone is
poking
through
the skin
• Caused by a
twisting or
spinning
action
• For example,
a runner’s
foot gets
caught in
pot hole
Spiral
Fracture:
Transverse
Fracture:
• Bone is
broken
straight
across at a
right angle
Comminuted
Fracture:
• Bone is
broken,
splintered
or crushed
into a
number of
pieces
• A bone is
broken in
more than
one place
Multiple
Fracture:
3. Arthritis:
• A breakdown
of cartilage
that causes
joint
swelling,
stiffness,
and pain
• Usually
builds up
over time
• Often
caused by
wear and
tear and
injuries
3. Arthritis:
3. Arthritis:
• There are
many forms
of arthritis
• Some forms
even affect
teens and
children!
4. Scoliosis
• A side-ways irregular
curvature of the spine
• Affects
about 7
million
people in
the United
States
4. Scoliosis:
4. Scoliosis:
• Most
school
systems do
scoliosis
screenings
• Easier to
treat if
diagnosed
early
• Many muscle
problems are
discussed in
the Unit on
Physical
Activities
and Fitness
What about
muscle problems?
Part 10:
Care of muscles
and bones
• Muscles and bones must be taken
care of and protected!
Follow our
advice:
Ways to care for
your bones …
1 – Be physically
active:
• Physical
activity
makes
bones
stronger
and more
dense
2 – Eat foods high in
calcium and phosphorus:
• These
minerals make
bones
stronger
• Found in milk
products,
beans, many
vegetables
3 – Sit, stand, and walk
with straight posture:
•Protects
spine
and
spinal
cord
4 – Pay attention to your
shoes:
• Properly
fitting good
shoes help
support the
bones of the
feet and help
prevent shin
splints
5 – Wear proper
safety equipment
when playing
sports:
• Safety
equipment may
help prevent
bone and
joint
injuries
6 – Wear safety belts in
your motor vehicle:
• Motor
vehicle
accidents
can result
in bone
injuries, so
wear you
safety belt
Ways to care for
your muscles …
• Builds strength
and endurance
of skeletal and
heart muscle
• Use them or
lose them!
1 – Engage in regular
physical activity:
• Reduces the
risk of
pulled
muscles and
other
injuries
2 – Warm up before and cool
down after physical
activities properly:
• Carbs give
you energy
• Protein
builds and
repairs
muscle
tissue
3 – Eat foods containing
carbohydrates and protein:
• Extra body weight
puts a strain on
your muscles and
heart
• Too much weight
makes physical
activity more
difficult
4 – Maintain healthy
weight:
• Do not do what
this guy is doing!
• Bend your knees
• Keep your back
straight
• Use your leg
muscles
5 – Learn to lift
properly:
•This is the
proper way
to lift!
5 – Learn to lift
properly:
Thanks for paying
attention