The Circulatory
and Respiratory
Systems
By Hannah and Cathie
The Circulatory System
Overview
 body has about 5 liters of blood
continually traveling through it
 three distinct parts: pulmonary circulation
(lungs), coronary circulation (heart), and
systemic circulation (rest of system).
Blood
Main Components 55 percent of blood is
plasma, a strawcolored clear liquid
which carries the solid
cells and the platelets
 Red blood cells
 White blood cells
Blood
Functions delivers essential elements and removes harmful
wastes
 transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissue
and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs
 transports nourishment from digestion and
hormones from glands throughout the body
 transports disease fighting substances to the tissue
and waste to the kidneys
 Red blood cells and white blood cells are
responsible for nourishing and cleansing the body.
Blood: Red Blood Cells

contain a protein chemical called hemoglobin
which is bright red in color and contains the
element Iron (attracts oxygen and carbon
dioxide)




As blood passes through lungs, oxygen molecules
attach to the hemoglobin
As blood passes through the body's tissue, the
hemoglobin releases the oxygen to the cells
Empty hemoglobin molecules then bond with the
tissue's carbon dioxide or other waste gases,
transporting it away
Get worn out and eventually die, average life cycle
is 120 days
Blood: White Blood Cells
 either
produce protective antibodies that will
overpower germs or surround and devour the
bacteria


Short life cycle, living from a few days to a few
weeks.
A drop of blood can contain anywhere from
7,000 to 25,000 white blood cells at a time,
number will increase during infection
Structure of Veins and Arteries:
The Heart




four cavities, or open spaces, inside the heart that
fill with blood.
Two atria on top, two ventricles on the bottom
The septum separates the right and left sides of the heart. A
valve connects each atrium to the ventricle below it.
The top of the heart connects to a few large
blood vessels.


Aorta- or main artery, largest, carries nutrient-rich
blood away from the heart
Pulmonary artery- connects the heart with the lungs
as part of the pulmonary circulation system
Structure of Veins and Arteries:
The Heart
Structure of Veins and Arteries:
The Heart
 Cardiac
muscle contracts and relaxes,
pushing blood through the chambers and
into the vessels, without you ever having
to think about it.
 Nerves
connected to the heart regulate the
speed with which the muscle contracts.
Structure of Veins and Arteries:
Blood Vessels
 Blood
vessels are
hollow tubes that
circulate your blood
 3 types: arteries,
capillaries, veins
Structure of Veins and Arteries:
Blood Vessels
 Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
main artery then branches into many smaller
arteries so that each region of your body has its
own system of arteries supplying it with fresh,
oxygen-rich blood.
 Arteries
are tough on the outside and
smooth on the inside.
 3 layers: an outer layer of tissue, a
muscular middle, and an inner layer of
epithelial cells.
Structure of Veins and Arteries:
Blood Vessels
 Veins-
veins carry the blood back to the
heart
 receive blood from the capillaries after
the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide has taken place
 transport waste-rich blood back to the
lungs and heart
 allow blood to flow against the force of
gravity
Structure of Veins and Arteries:
Blood Vessels

Capillaries- capillaries connect the arteries to veins
 Capillaries are very thin and fragile
 The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place through the thin capillary wall
 The red blood cells inside the capillary release their
oxygen which passes through the wall and into the
surrounding tissue- waste projects leave the tissue
the same way
 Arteries and veins run parallel throughout the
body with a web-like network of capillaries
connecting them
Open and Closed Systems


Closed circulatory systems- (vertebrates) In this type of
system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and
does not normally fill body cavities; blood remains within
blood vessels, pressure is high, and blood is therefore
pumped faster
Open circulatory system- (evolved in crustaceans, insects,
mollusks, arthropods and other invertebrates) pump blood
into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the
circulatory system between cells; blood is pumped by a
heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded
by the blood; blood flows slowly in an open circulatory
system because there is no blood pressure after the blood
leaves the blood vessels; the animal must move its muscles
to move the blood within the spaces.
Mammalian Double
Circulation




Refers to the separate systems of pulmonary
circulation and the systemic circulation in
amphibians, birds and mammals (including
humans)
All animals with lungs have a double
circulatory system
Double circulation has two routes or circuits:
Heart—lung—heart(pulmonary circulation)
Heart—body—heart(systemic circulation)
Mammalian Double
Circulation




The right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary
artery to lungs for purification
Blood returns to left auricle through the pulmonary
vein
Blood then comes to the left ventricle from here is
pumped to the arteries to the rest of the body
The impure blood returns to the right auricle and
then goes to the right ventricle
 Advantage of a double circulatory system
The heart can increase the pressure of the
blood after the blood has picked up oxygen
from the lungs which means it can transport it
to the body tissues much quicker.
Evolution

Chambers of the Heart
 Contraction of the atria and ventricles forces blood
out
 Blood flows in one direction due to valves that
prevent backflow.
 Small animals may not need a circulatory system
because the interior cells are close to the surface
(they have a high surface-to-volume ratio)and can
obtain sufficient oxygen absorption directly through
their skin while wastes move a short distance to the
surface and diffuse into the environment.
 Most invertebrates and all vertebrates have interior
cells that are too far from the body surface to
exchange substances efficiently. They require a
circulatory system.
Interaction with other Systems




Transport of materials:
 Gasses transported: Oxygen is transported from the
lungs to the cells. CO2 (a waste) is transported from
the cells to the lungs.
 Transport other nutrients to cells: Glucose
transported throughout the body; the liver
maintains a constant level of glucose in the blood.
 Transport other wastes from cells: Ammonia
produced and transported to the liver where it is
converted to less toxic urea; Urea then transported
to kidneys for excretion in the urine
 Transport hormones
Contains cells that fight infection
Helps stabilize the pH and ionic concentration of the
body fluids
Helps maintain body temperature by transporting
heat
The Respiratory System
Overview
 Combined system of heart and lungs is called
cardiopulmonary system
 Three distinct stages: the process of
breathing, which involves the movement of
air into and out of the lungs (pulmonary
system); the exchange of gases between the
internal surface of the lungs and the blood;
the exchange of gases between the blood
and the cells of the body
Gas Exchange Surfaces

The steps of respiration:
1. Ventilation- Air enters lungs (inspiration), air
leaves lungs (expiration)
2. External respiration- Gas exchange
between air and the blood in lungs. When the
blood then has oxygen, it transports it to the
tissues
3. Internal respiration- Gas exchange
between blood and tissue fluid. The tissue fluid
gives the blood carbon dioxide in exchange
for oxygen, which the blood then transports
back to the lungs to be expired out
Gas Exchange Surfaces
 Surface
must be moist, thin, and large in
relation to size of body
 Examples of Gas Exchange Surfaces:
 Lungs (in terrestrial animals)
 Gills (aquatic animals)
 Body surface (Annelids/segmented
worms)
 Tracheae (insects)
Structures and Functions of the
Respiratory System in Humans
http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/vide
os/how-lungs-function/836
Structures and Functions of the
Respiratory System in Humans
Structures and Functions of the
Respiratory System in Humans
 Lungs
 Main
organs of the respiratory system
 Responsible for breathing, and are where
the main activities occur
 Oxygen is breathed into the lungs and
taken to the rest of the body by red blood
cells, while carbon dioxide is breathed out
Structures and Functions of the
Respiratory System in Humans






Trachea (windpipe)
Filters the air we breathe
Divides into two bronchi,
which enter the right and
left lung
Bronchi
Extensions of the trachea,
and there is one in each of
the lungs
2 primary tubes in the lung
that brings the lungs air
Structures and Functions of the
Respiratory System in Humans






Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle located at the bottom
of your lungs
Breathing in causes the diaphragm to
contract, and it flattens out again when you
breathe out
Larynx (voice box)
Helps food not go down the trachea, helps
you breathe, and contains vocal cords
Located at the top of the throat.
Structures and Functions of the
Respiratory System in Humans
 Alveoli
 Primary
gas exchange
surfaces of the lungs
 Thin little sacs
 Located on the end of
the bronchioles
 Inflate when you
breathe in, and deflate
when you breathe out
Inspiration and Expiration






Inspiration:
The external intercostals muscles contract and the
inner ones relax
The rib cage moves upwards and outwards.
The muscles of the diaphragm contract and it
flattens/loses its dome shape
These movements increases the volume of the
thoracic cavity ; and that of the lungs.
Pressure in the lungs is then decreased; lower than
the atmospheric pressure. This forces the air to rush
into the lungs (through the trachea).
Inspiration and Expiration






Expiration:
The internal intercostals muscles contract while
the external intercostals muscles relax.
The rib cage moves downwards and inwards.
The muscles of the diaphragm relaxes; causing it
to assume its dome shape.
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases;
resulting into decrease in the volume of the lungs.
The pressure in the lungs increases higher than that
of the atmospheric pressure; air (carbon dioxide) is
then forced out of the lungs.
Functions of hemoglobin in the
transport of O2 to Co2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdGD
AvpcM6Q
Regulation of Blood ph



Controls the acidity of blood by regulating the elimination of CO2
and H2O
A significant increase in CO2 or decrease below pH 7.38 of arterial
blood
- causes breathing to increase (in rate and depth)
- results in hyperventilation
- more CO2 is exhaled
- eliminates CO2 - reduces H2CO3 and H+ concentrations
- increases pH back to normal
A significant decrease in CO2 or increase in pH
- causes breathing to decrease
- results in hypoventilation
- less CO2 is exhaled
- increases CO2 - increases H2CO3 and H+ concentrations
- decreases pH back to normal
Diseases and Disorders of the
Respiratory System
Asthma
 One of the most common respiratory disorders
 About 34 million people in the United States suffer
from asthma
 Disease of the bronchi that causes the effected to
cough, wheeze, produce mucus, and often
become breathless.
 Occurs because of irritants, which can be different
for certain people
 Asthma can’t be cured, but there are treatments.
Diseases and Disorders of the
Respiratory System
Emphysema
 Chronic lung disorder that results from damage to
the alveoli in the lungs
 Most common cause of emphysema is smoking
 Walls in the alveoli are so damaged that the
surface area for gas exchange is significantly
reduced, therefore making it hard for your body to
get the oxygen it needs
 Alveoli also burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces
 Emphysema is not curable.
Diseases and Disorders of the
Respiratory System





Laryngitis
Swelling and inflammation of the voice box
(larynx).
Caused most frequently by upper respiratory
infections (usually viral)
Larynx (located at the top of the trachea),
contains the vocal cords, so when the larynx
becomes infected it swells, cutting off the ability to
speak altogether, or just making your speech
hoarse.
Other symptoms besides loss of voice are fever,
swollen lymph nodes.
Works Cited









http://www.webmd.com/asthma/default.htm
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/emphysema.html
http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html
http://gskool.com/biology/inspiration_expiration.htm
http://www.hartnell.edu/faculty/shovde/chem23/Body
%20Fluids/Respiratory%20control%20pH.htm
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/circulation.html
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.grego
ry/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/circulatory%20
system/circulat.htm
http://www.circulatory-system.com/double-circulatorysystem/
http://www2.gsu.edu/~bioasx/closeopen.html