Ch 13 Sec 1- The Origins of the Cold War 1945-1952
Former Allies Clash
 In the USSR the ____________________controlled all property and economic activity
 In the Capitalist American system ___________________controlled economic activity
 In the ___________________the Communist Party established a totalitarian government with
one party
 In the US voting by the people chose the President and members of Congress with competing
parties
 Spread of Capitalism and US trade? -World-wide Communist revolution?
Building a New World
 The UN became arena of competition, the UN ________________________ was signed in 1945
 Germany was divided at the Yalta Conference-FDR, Churchill and Stalin
Truman Takes Control- The Potsdam Conference
In July 1945 the Big Three met in Potsdam near Berlin-Truman, Churchill/Attlee and Stalin
By July 1945 the USSR had consolidated its grip on Eastern Europe, Truman took a tougher stance with
Stalin
Stalin was concerned about _______________________________and did not keep his promise for free
elections in Poland, he wanted a buffer from the West and a divided weak Germany
The USSR wanted _______________________ from Germany, the US wanted to trade in Eastern
Europe and Reunite Germany
Satellite Nations
Stalin installed Communist Gov. in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland
___________________________________ was a country economically or politically linked to the USSR
The “Iron Curtain”
In March 1946, Winston Churchill traveled to Fulton, Missouri and gave the
famous_______________________________________________________ speech

Ch 13 Section 2 The Early Years of the Cold War
In February 1946 George F. Kennan an American diplomat in Moscow proposed a policy of containment
__________________________________was the doctrine in which military, economic, and diplomatic strategies were to be
used to turn back communism
Europe was divide into two political regions a mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe
The Cold War
The ____________________________was an indirect state of conflict between the US and USSR that would dominate global
affairs and US Foreign Policy from 1945-1991
In March 1947 Truman asked Congress for $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey so they could resist communist
takeovers and Communist influence – The___________________________________
The US would assist “free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
The Marshall Plan
After the war ____________________________________Europe was in chaos, no fuel, no food, no shelter
Many Refugees had to bear one of the coldest winters in 1946-1947
The US feared_________________________________________ would spread to Western Europe
In June 1947 Sec. of State George C. _________________________ proposed the US provide aid to all European nations
Between 1947 and 1951, 16 countries received $13 billion in aid
The Berlin Airlift
The USSR and the US clashed over the issue of German Reunification
In 1948 the US, Britain, and France combined their zones into West Germany
Stalin quickly closed all access to the divided city of Berlin, no food or fuel could reach the 2.1 million West Berliners- The US
and British flew 327 days, 277,000 flights and brought in 2.3 million tons of food , fuel, and medicine -By May 1949 Stalin
lifted the blockade
NATO
In May of 1949 The Federal Republic of Germany was established ( West Germany)
In April 1949, Ten Western European nations joined with the US and Canada and formed the
________________________________________________It was a defensive military alliance in which an attack ( by the
USSR) on one was an attack on all (500,000 troops in Western Europe)
In 1955 the USSR formed The Warsaw Pact with its allies to counter NATO
Developments in Asia and the Korean War
For decades Chinese communist led by Mao Zedong had struggled against US ally the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek in
bitter civil war

Between 1945-1949 the US sent the Nationalist $3 billion in aid, The nationalists were corrupt, while Mao gained support of
the people
In May 1949 Chiang-Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, and The communists led by Mao controlled China “Peoples Republic” ----
Truman was blamed for “losing China”
The Korean War
After WWII Korea was divide into a _________________________ North Korea the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea set up by the USSR with Kim II Sung as leader north of the 38 th parallel
South of the 38 th parallel the US established the Republic of Korea ,By June of 1949 the US only had 500 troops in South
Korea
North Korea Attacks
On June 25 th , 1950 North Korean forces swept across the 38 th parallel-North Korean troops pushed South Korean and US
forces back to Pusan
The UN security council voted to send troops to aid South Korea, 16 nations 520,000 troops,(90% American) 590,000 South
Korean troops all led by General Douglas Mac Arthur
The US Fights in Korea
On September 1950 MacArthur landed his troops behind North Korean troops at Inchon and forced them back to the 38 th
parallel
MacArthur pushed deep into North Korea and approached the Yalu River the border with China, In Nov. 1950, 300,000
Chinese troops poured across the border and attacked UN troops
The Chinese captured Seoul and both sides fought to a stalemate around the 38 th parallel
MacArthur Vs Truman
In 1951 _______________________ called for extending the war into China buy blockading China and using atomic weapons
MacArthur spoke to the press and to members of Congress about expanding the war and he was critical of President
_______________________________
On April 11 th , 1951 Truman fired MacArthur, He was welcomed home an popular hero
Stalemate in Korea
Peace Talks began at Pammunjom along the 38 th parallel in July 1951, In July 1953 an ____________________________was
announced-The DMZ was established at the 38 th parallel
The Korean war cost 54,000 American lives 2 million Koreans and Chinese and $67 - $100 billion “The Forgotten War” -Many
Americans turned toward the Republican Party by 1952 “IKE”

Ch 13 Sec 3-The Cold War Home & American Society
Fears of Communist Influence
 The Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, the fall of Red China led many Americans to believe
that ___________________ was spreading around the world in the late 1940’s early 1950’s
 FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover estimated that there were 100,000 Americans in the Communist
Party - Some feared that Communist had infiltrated the highest levels of US Government
The US Government Acts
 The National Security Act of 1947- Established the Department of Defense, the National
Security Administration (NSA) and the CIA
 Accused of being soft on Communist President Truman set up the
_________________________________________It was to investigate government employees
 From 1947-1951 3.2 million were investigated, 212 were fired and 2,900 resigned
The House Un-American Activities Committee
 The ____________ was a Congressional Committee that was to investigate Communist activity
 In 1947 it targeted the movie industry - 43 “friendly” witnesses from Hollywood were
subpoenaed ( Ronald Reagan, Gary Cooper and Barbara Stanwyck) -Some “unfriendly”
witnesses were Orsen Wells, and Charlie Chaplin
The Hollywood Ten
 Ten “Unfriendly witnesses” refused to testify, they thought the hearings were
unconstitutional, they were sentenced to prison by the committee (Hollywood Ten) -
Hollywood executives instituted a “blacklist”
The McCarran Act
 To be even tougher on Communist Congress passed the __________________________Act
 Communist organizations must register with the US Gov., Illegal to plan a totalitarian
dictatorship in the US, Communists could be interned during national emergencies, No
Communists in Defense Industries, Barred Communist Immigrants to the US, Communists
could be deported
Spy Cases Stun the Nation
 In 1948 a former Communist spy Whittaker Chambers (Time Magazine Editor) named former
State Department Official Alger Hiss of Spying for the USSR

The Hiss Case
 Chambers produced micro-film and documents allegedly passed to him from Hiss “The
Pumpkin Papers” Hiss denied the charges
 Congressman Nixon pursued the charges which increased his popularity
 The statue of limitations had ran out on the espionage charge so Hiss was convicted of
_____________________ and sentenced to 5 years in prison, he served 2 years still claiming
his innocence
The Rosenbergs
 In 1950 Physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted to giving the USSR atomic bomb information
 Two minor activist in the American Communist party were implicated in the spy ring, Julius
and Ethel Rosenberg
 They were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death,They were electrocuted on June
19 th , 1953
McCarthy’s Witchhunt
 Senator Joseph _______________________of Wisconsin first gained prominence by giving a speech in WV in which he claimed he had a list of 200 “Card-carrying communist “ in the State
Department
 With the help of his staff assistant and lawyer Roy Cohn McCarthy accused many people of
disloyality (Sec of State Dean Acheson and General George C. Marshall)
 He accused people without providing evidence, his lists and sources were never revealed.
McCarthy’s Downfall
 During April-June 1954 the Army –McCarthy Hearings allowed 20 million American to witness
his bullying and recklessness
 In December 1954 McCarthy was ____________________________for “conduct unbecoming a
member of the US Senate” His support was gone

Chapter 13 Section 4 –IKE’s Cold War Policies -1953-1960
Brinksmanship
On November 1 st , 1952 the US detonated a Hydrogen Bomb it was 1million tons of TNT
In August 1953 the USSR detonated its first H-bomb, US believed in Massive Retaliation if Soviets
attacked
Ike’s Sec. of State was John Foster Dulles he was a staunch anti-communist, he felt the US should go to
the brink of nuclear war to deter the USSR (Brinksmanship)
The Suez War
In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the Aswan Dam, Nasser, Egypt leader attempted to get $ from the US
and USSR, the US pulled out of supporting Egypt
Nasser responded by nationalizing the ______________Canal which was owned by the British and the
French
Israel, Great Britain, and France attacked Egypt in 1956, and the USSR threatened to help Egypt
IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire and withdraw resolution, Egypt got the Suez Canal
Cold War Covert Actions
In 1953 the CIA gave millions of dollars to oust the leader of __________________ and replace him
with the Shah of Iran ( Oil-for Great Britain and the US)
In 1953 the CIA intervened in an election in the Philippines
In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzman leader of Guatemala and instituted a
military dictator Castillo Armas
IKE relied on the ____________________to bolster US Allies and interests yet weaken opponents,
Director of the CIA/Covert Operations was Allen Dulles
The Hungarian Uprising
In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, Imre Nagy formed a new government in which he promised free
elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungary
In Nov. 1956 Soviet tanks rolled in, 30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000 fled to the West and Nagy
was executed, Hungarians were disappointed in the US
The Eisenhower Doctrine
The USSR prestige in the Middle East rose because they supported Egypt in the Suez War

In January 1957, fearing Soviet influence in the Middle-East IKE asked the Congress for $ for military
and economic assistance
The Eisenhower Doctrine state the US would defend the Middle East against attack by a communist
country, Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt by the US to dominate the Middle East
The Space Race
On October 4 th , 1957 the USSR launched the first artificial satellite
_______________________“Traveling Companion” (18,000 mph), Americans feared Soviet rockets
(ICBMs) and possible attack from space
The U-2 Incident
In 1955 the CIA began making secret high altitude over Soviet territory
On May 1 st , 1960 Gary Powers an American Pilot was shot down over Soviet Territory
Ike denied that we were spying, but Khrushchev had proof and showed the world, Powers was
sentenced to 10years in Russian prison, The Paris Summit/Meeting was cancelled
IKE’s Warning
During his farewell address in Jan. 1961 IKE warned of “_____________________________________”
He state it’s influence is everywhere and he expressed fears over the large arms industry( nuclear
weapons and others) and large military establishment together ( Pentagon-Weapons Manufactures)