Chapter
29
APUSH
Mrs. Price
“The important thing is not to
stop questioning.” - Albert
Einstein
http://yeli.us/Flash/Fire.html
The Marshall Plan

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To rebuild Europe
$12.5 billion in 4 years to 16 countries
Produced economic miracle in Europe
Reasons: economic interest & to stop
communism
Marshall
Plan aid
sent to
European
countries
International Organizations

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
International Monetary
Fund (IMF) 1944
World Bank 1944
United Nations 1945
The Cold War

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Between the US & the USSR
Began in mid 1940s and lasted until 1991
Roots in Wartime Diplomacy
Wartime Diplomacy


1943 Casablanca: no second front
1943 Teheran: dispute over Poland
USSR could annex some Polish territory
 Issue: govt in independent Poland – two govts
claimed legitimacy
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
1945 Yalta: dispute over Germany
USSR wants reparations
 Divide Germany & Berlin into 4 zones
 Agreed to plan for UN

Communism
Spreads in Europe

Communist govts in:
Hungary,
Czechoslovakia,
Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, & Albania


Soviet position: USSR needed a buffer against
invasion
Western position: concerned about spread of
communism; wanted self-determination & open
markets
Conflict over Germany

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Germany was divided into 4 zones controlled by
France, Britain, US, & USSR after war
USSR wanted reparations; other Allies refused
US wanted to reunite Germany; refused to
collect reparations (Potsdam Conference:
Truman, Churchill, & Stalin)
Berlin Airlift

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1948: Stalin imposed
blockade around Western
Berlin
US-led airlift to aid city
lasted over 10 months;
Stalin lifts blockade in
spring 1949
Division of Germany

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Oct 1949
Federal Republic (west)
Democratic Republic
(east)
Containment Doctrine
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1947
Creator: George Kennan
Asserted USSR was expansionist;
US should contain it
Impacted US policy throughout
Cold War
Example: Truman Doctrine
Truman Doctrine
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1947
Soviets showed interest in Greece & Turkey
US gave $400 million in military & economic aid
Impact of Cold War

Creation of new security apparatus in US:
National Security Act of 1947
Department of Defense
 National Security Council
 Central Intelligence Agency
 Joint Chiefs of Staff

Created Blocs in Int’l Community


NATO (1949): attack on one member by an
aggressor would be an attack on all; standing
military force in Europe
Warsaw Pact (1955): military alliance for the
defense of the communist states of Eastern
Europe
Led to an Arms Race
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1946: Atomic Energy Commission created
Sept 1949: Soviets test 1st atomic bomb
1950: Truman approves development of
hydrogen bomb; created 1952
NSC-68 (1950): US must stop communist
expansion no matter where; called for expansion
of US military power
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
Election of 1948


Divisions in Democratic Party
Candidates:
Truman (D)
 Dewey (R)
 Thurmond (Dixiecrat)
 Wallace (Progressive)


Truman wins
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
Korean War


Korea was divided in half after WWII (38˚
Parallel); North became communist
June 24, 1950: North Korean Army invaded
South Korea
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June 27: Truman orders troops into Korea
commanded by MacArthur (most UN troops
made up of US)
Congress never declared war – police action
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N. Koreans forced back across border;
MacArthur pursues
Nov 1950: China enters the war – drives UN
forces out of N. Korea, move into S. Korea
March 1951: UN armies regain most of lost
territory = stalemate
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
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MacArthur wants to
attack China; is relieved
of his command by
Truman
Peace talks begin July
1951; armistice signed
1953
More than 54,000 US
deaths
Second Red Scare


Fear of communist subversion
House Unamerican Activities Committee
(HUAC): 1947
Investigated if govt had tolerated communist
subversion
 Targeted Hollywood – led to Hollywood Blacklist
 Committee blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers
and producers whom they believed had communist
connections

AntiCommunist
propaganda
during the
Red Scare
Alger Hiss



Young diplomat
Accused of turning state
secrets over to USSR
Found guilty of perjury
Government Actions


Federal Loyalty Program: reviewed loyalty of
federal employees
McCarran Int’l Security Act (1950): required all
communist groups to register with the govt
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg


Accused of passing
secrets of the atomic
bomb to USSR
Found guilty &
executed
Joseph McCarthy

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
Senator
Claimed there were 205
Communists in State
Dept
Ruined careers
Brought down when he
began to accuse
members of US Army
Election of 1952

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Dem: Adlai Stevenson
Rep: Eisenhower
Nixon: Checkers Speech
Eisenhower &
Republicans won control
of Congress