(A)Esters, fats and oils
(B)Soaps, detergents and emulsions
(C)Proteins
(D)The chemistry of cooking and oxidation
(E)Fragrances
(F)Skin care
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds. This unit offers us a glimpse of the
chemistry of carbon compounds we encounter in
the food and drink we consume, the soaps we use to
clean, and the products we use to protect our skin.
You will learn to appreciate the chemistry behind
familiar products and learn how the principles of
bonding can help us understand the properties and
uses of the compounds we find in everyday life.
Previous knowledge from National 5 Chemistry
• That molecular structure and physical properties of hydrocarbons are related.
• The names, molecular and structural formula of alkanes (C1-C8), alkenes (C2C8) and cycloalkanes (C3-C8) straight and branched.
• How to identify isomers and draw their structural formulae.
• What is meant by saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds and how they
can be distinguished.
• Addition reactions
• Alcohol functional group –OH and properties of alcohols
• The names, molecular and structural formula of alcohols (C1-C8), straight and
branched.
• Carboxylic acids functional group COOH and properties of carboxylic acids
• The names, molecular and structural formula of carboxylic acids (C1-C8),
straight.
Organic Chemistry
Originally, chemical compounds were divided into 2 classes:
Inorganic or Organic
Organic compounds were derived from living things. It
was believed that they contained a ‘vital force’ and could
not be made from inorganic compounds (non-living sources).
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is basically the study of compounds
containing carbon (with the exclusion of oxides and
carbonates).
There are so many compounds containing carbon that a
whole branch of chemistry is devoted to their study.
Organic molecules may be
as simple as methane, CH4
or as complicated as
cholesterol
HO
After completing this lesson you should be able to :
At higher, structural formula may be shortened or full.
• Name an ester given the names of the parent carboxylic acid and alcohol
or from structural formulae.
• Draw structural formulae for esters when given the names of the parent
alcohol and carboxylic acid or the names of esters.
• Understand that esters are formed by the condensation reaction between
carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The ester link formed is between the
hydroxyl group and the carboxyl group. In condensation reactions, the
molecules join together with the elimination of a small stable molecule, in
this case water.
Esters
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• Esters are formed between an alkanol (alcohol) and
alkanoic acid (carboxylic acid).
• Very slow reaction, unless an acid catalyst is used
(usually sulfuric acid)
• During this reaction water is formed so it is called a
condensation reaction.
• The term often used for the formation of esters is
esterification .
• Esterification is a reversible reaction discussed later.
H+
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid
Ester + Water
Naming Esters
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• An ester can be named given the name of the parent
alcohol and carboxylic acid or from shortened and full
structural formulae.
• The parent alkanol gives the start of the name ending in
-yl. The parent acid gives the second part of the name
ending in -oate.
So the ester formed by reacting ethanol with propanoic
acid would be ethyl propanoate…
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• An ester can be identified by the name endings
‘-yl –oate’.
• Esters contain the carboxylate functional group
(–COO–)…
Carboxylate group
(ester link)
Naming esters.
A
B
O
H
H
C
C
H
O
C
H
H
C
H
H
O
C
H
C
H
O
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
D
H
H
H
O
O
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
O
C
C
C
H
H
H
Which box shows
H
O
H
Box B
A
C
methylethanoate? Box
propylethanoate?
ethylmethanoate?
methanol
The ester in box D is made from …………………………
and
propanoic
………………………………….
acid
methylpropanoate
and is called …………………………………………………
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Name of alcohol
Name of carboxylic acid
Name of ester
Ethanol
Propanoic acid
Ethyl propanoate
Propanol
Methanoic acid
Propyl methanoate
Methanol
Butanoic acid
Methyl butanoate
Propanol
Ethanoic acid
Propyl ethanoate
Butanol
Methanoic acid
Butyl methanoate
Ethanol
Butanoic acid
Ethyl butanoate
Full structural formula of
ester