Imote2
Lama Nachman
Intel Corporation Research
Santa Clara, CA
Imote2 Design Goals

Focus on a “value add” mote
 Demanding
applications / data processing
 Industrial applications


Use Intel silicon
Incorporate learnings from Imote design and
deployments
 Condition
based monitoring
 Water pipeline monitoring
 Structural monitoring / damage detection

Expand usage model
 Compute
 Linux
server / simple gateway
Imote 2 components
PXA 271 Features

Low active power @ 13 MHz


Ultra low voltage at low speeds (0.85V up to 104 MHz)
Enhanced Low power modes

Many voltage domains
 Deep sleep (0.1mW)
 SRAM banks can be individually turned off

Enhanced I/O options (sensor boards, alternate radios)



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

Scalable performance (DVS : power/performance tradeoff)
Internal 256K SRAM
Stacked 32MB FLASH/SDRAM option, to reduce form factor size
Wireless MMX and ARM5VTE DSP


I2C, SPI, UART, CIF, USB, SDIO
All I/O pins can be configured as GPIOs
Useful for in-network data processing (FFT, compression, peak
detection, etc)
Security co-processor
Radio Choices

Too early to commit to a single radio for WSN

Different applications might need different radios






802.15.4 looks promising (medium data rate, low power)
Bluetooth has the ubiquity advantage
802.11 has the installed infrastructure advantage
Need to compare the characteristics of different radios and their
suitability for WSN
Imote2 has an onboard ChipCon CC2420 (802.15.4)
Other radio options will be enabled through SDIO cards and
UART/USB
Bluetooth
802.11b
Sensor Board Connectors

Split the connectors into 2 sets


basic (front side of the board)
Advanced (back side of the board)

“Architectural” pins, will be supported in future Imote generations
Platform dependent pins, can change in later generations
Use two connectors on each side of the board

Basic Connector (31 pin, 21 pin, 1 mm pitch)






I2C, SPI, UART, GPIO
Support most application needs
Enable low cost sensor boards
Advanced Connector (40 pin, 20 pin, .65 mm pitch)


Camera, high speed bus, AC97, I2S
Targeted for specialized applications
Other components

PMIC



Antenna





GigaAnt surface mount antenna (Imote1 learning)
Optional SMA connector (Imote1 learning)
Mini USB connector
Tri-color LED
Crystals



Support all 9 voltage domains
Battery charger, DVS, battery voltage monitoring
Bulverde requires 13 MHz and 32.768 KHz crystal
ChipCon radio requires 16 MHz crystal
Reset button
Imote2 Power Solution
USB
Plug
USB min-B plug on mote
board
Could be used as power-only
plug as well
5V
V
2
Primary
Battery
1
Jumper
Position 1 :
No rechargeable
Battery in system
4.5V Max
Position 2:
Rechargeable
Battery in system
Vchg


External
Battery
Board
Examples
Vbat
PMIC
Vbat on
connector
Primary
Battery Pads
On mote board
Rechargeable
Battery
Usage : Primary, USB/power, Rechargeable
Added battery pads on board
Other Features

No A/D on mote board

Reduce cost





Digital sensors don’t need it
Applications have different A/D requirements (Number of channels,
sampling rate, filtering, etc)
A/D will be integrated into the sensor board
Create generic A/D sensor board to enable quick proto-typing of
analog sensors
SDIO



Connector is too big (30x30 mm) and costly ($1.74) to be
included on Imote2 board
Pins will be exposed through basic connector
Create SDIO connector board
Status

Dev board in Q3



Collection of plug-in boards
Enable S/W development
Currently running TinyOS




15.4 radio
Basic drivers : Timers, SPI
First form factor board (Q4/’04)
Debug board (Q4/’04)


 2nd
JTAG, expansion headers, USB
Power & battery holder
spin of form factor board (Q1/’05)
Backup
Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation
Existing sensor interfaces

Basic sensor interfaces






Analog
I2C
SPI
PWM
Custom bit-banged digital interfaces
Sensor families

Light












Thermopile
Ultraviolet
IR
Visible Light
Color sensors
Magnetic
Sound


(usually analog or PWM and some I2C)
Ultrasound
Accelerometers
Temperature sensors
Pressure sensors
Humidity
Touch sensors
A/D (SPI, I2C, parallel)
(mostly analog, some PWM)
(analog or PWM)
(analog, PWM, and a few I2C)
(analog, PWM, and a few I2C)
(PWM)
(analog, I2C)
(analog)
(analog, PWM)
(SPI, I2C, analog and PWM)
(I2C, analog and PWM)
(analog, SPI)
(custom I2C)
(analog or PWM)
BOM Cost Estimate
Item
Description
Cost
PXA 270/271/273
Discrete / 32M F+S / 32M F
$17.75 / $32.44 / $23
PMIC
Dialog power management IC
$3.75
CC2420
ChipCon 15.4 Radio
$3.6
Crystals
13 MHz, 16 MHz, 32KHz
~$2.8
Antenna
Giga Ant surface mount
$1.5
LED + Driver
Agilent
$1
Connectors
Basic (2) + Advanced (2)
$1 + $1.6
Passives
~ $9
Fab + Assembly
Rough estimate from imote1
~ $10
Total
With PXA 270 / 271 / 273
$52 + F / $67 / $57


Prices above assume 1K units, except for PXA and PMIC (special Intel pricing)
PXA 270 configuration will need an external flash + bringing out addr/data bus
Mote feature comparison
Feature
Imote
Micaz
Telos
Mica2
Imote 2
CPU type @[MHz]
32bit ARM @12
8bit Atmel @8
16bit TI @8
8bit Atmel @8
32b XS@13(104)
SRAM [kB]
64
4
10
4
256/32,000
FLASH [kB]
512
128 + 512
48 KB / 1024 KB
128 + 512
32,000
Radio
BT
802.15.4
802.15.4
300-900MHz
15.4 (BT/802.11)
Bandwidth [kb/s]
720
250
250
15
250 (720/11,000)
Power C/R/T [mA]
15 / 24 / 24
8 / 20 / 18
1 / 20 / 18
8 / 10 / 27
40/20/18
Power sleep [uA]
1-250
27
6
19
1-100
Security HW
4LFSR-128
AES-128
AES-128
N
Y
OS support
TinyOS
TinyOS
TinyOS
TinyOS
TinyOS
Imote

Research goals

Explore more demanding applications (is there a need for a value add
mote?)



Gain experience with Mote development



High data rates
In network processing
Explore needed features (processing power, radio characteristics, I/O
options, RAM, flash, form factor, etc)
Imote2 definition
Cost reduction

No volume in WSN currently
 Reduce cost by leveraging another high volume market
 ARM7 + BT radio module cost the same as 8 bit Atmega
Early Motes

Early Motes (UCB) focused mainly on low power
(Mica, Mica2, Mica2 Dot)
8
bit micro-controllers (Atmega128L, 8 MHz)
 4 KB of RAM
 Low bandwidth radio (15 Kb/s, 300–900MHz)
 Active processor power = 24mW
 Sleep power = 45uW

Suitable for low data rate applications requiring
only minimum data processing
Imote features
Multicolor
status LED
ARM* core
SRAM
FLASH
BT radio
2.4 GHz
antenna
Optional
external
antenna
connector
Optional
voltage
regulator
(bottom)
Stackable
connectors
(top and
bottom)
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
Imote hardware

Intel® Mote is a modular, stackable design





Main board (ARM* core, SRAM, FLASH, BT radio)
Power supply board (battery, AC, solar, …)
Sensor board(s)
Other boards (alternate radio, debug, actuator, …)
Backbone I2C interconnect provides power, signaling
Sensor board
Main board
Power board
Backbone interconnect
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
Learnings from Imote
(Condition Based Monitoring App)

Higher bit rates and MAC reliability are very
useful features
 Reduce
total energy of the system
 Enable higher collection frequency

Extra RAM is useful
 Reduce
sensor board cost by leveraging internal
RAM
 Eases development considerably

Bluetooth resilience to interference
Basic Connector
31 pin
UART 2
UART 1
SPI 2
FFRxD
FFTxD
FFCTS
FFRTS
BTRxD
BTTxD
BTCTS
BTRTS
GND
SSPCLK2
SSPFRM2
SSPTxD2
SSPRxD2
GPIO 94
Reserved
Reserved
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
21 pin
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
SCL
I2C
SDA
SSPCLK
SSPFRM
SPI 1
SSPTxD
SSPRxD
GPIO 10
GND
14
30
MMCLK
MMCMD
MMD0
MMD1
MMD2
MMD3
15
31
GPIO 93
26
27
28
29
16
Hirose DF9
SDIO
VBAT
VBAT
GND
Reserved
Reserved
Reserved
Future
expansion
Reserved
Reserved
Reserved
Reserved
Reserved
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1.8 V
3.0 V
5V
Alarm
Reset
GND
VRTC
VCC_IO
STD_RxD
STD_TxD
Hirose DF9
STDUart
Advanced Connector
Imote2 specific
40 pin
BB_IB_DATA0
BB_IB_DATA1
BB_IB_DATA2
MSL &
BB_IB_DATA3
CF
BB_IB_CLK
BB_IB_STB
BB_IB_WAIT
GND
USB
USBH_N
Host
USBH_P
I2S_BITCL
K
I2S_DATAIN
I2S or
I2S_DATAOUT
AC97
I2S_SYNC
I2S_SYSCLK
FF UART
GND
FFRTS
FFCTS
FFTXD
FFRXD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21 BB_OB_DATA0
BB_OB_DATA1
22
23 BB_OB_DATA2
BB_OB_DATA3
24
25
BB_OB_CLK
26
BB_OB_STB
27
BB_OB_WAIT
28
GND
CIF_DD9
29
CIF_DD8
30
CIF_DD7
31
CF
32
CIF_DD6
33
GND
34
GPIO 10
35 SSPRxD
36
SSPTxD
SPI 1
37 SSPFRM
SSPCLK
38
39 SDA
I2C
40 SCL
Hirose DF15
MSL &
CF
JTAG
20 pin
nTRST
TCK
TMS
TDO
TDI
Reserved
GND
VBAT
VBAT
VBAT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 STD_TxD
12 STD_RxD
13 VCC_IO
14 VRTC
15 GND
16 Reset
17 Alarm
18
5V
19 3.0V
20 1.8V
Hirose DF15
STD
Uart
Sensor Boards
Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation
Backward Compatibility + Generic Analog
input


Need to quickly enable using existing sensor
boards on Imote2
Develop a board that has the following
 Imote
connectors
 MICA2 connector
 Generic 8 channel, 16 bit A/D


Enable prototyping of analog sensors
Support analog inputs on MICA2 connector
Stargate Adapter board



Connects to basic sensor board connector on
the imote
Connects to the MICA 2 connector on the
stargate
Wires Power & UART (2 pins)
Imote2
(Top View)
36 mm
LED
Basic I/O connector
Dialog PMIC
PXA273
Crystals
Basic I/O connector
48 mm
Imote2
(Bottom View)
Advanced I/O
connector
Antenna
36 mm
CC2420
Crystal
Mini USB
Connector
Advanced I/O
connector
Optional SMA
connector
48 mm