Modern World History
From the Age of Discovery
to the Present
Sources:
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
1999
The End of Poverty
Sachs, 2005
Wikipedia
Landes,
Agricultural Revolution
• Haves
– Plants easy to
domesticate
– Animals easy to
domesticate
– East-west continent
orientation
• Similar climate
– Crops move
easily
– Culture follows
– Successful Agriculture
• Population
explosion
– Metallurgy
– Ships
– Writing
– Fierce warfare
• Have-nots
– No
– No
– No
– No
• Or later
Industrial Revolution
• Haves
– Many competing
countries
– Expanded trade
• Without regulation
– Raw materials
• Colonies
• Iron, coal
– Individual freedoms
• Ideas, science
• Literacy, books
• Economic, social
– Technologies
• Power: coal, water
• Optics
• Machinery
• Big guns
• Have-nots
– No
– No
• Government control
– No
• Or undeveloped
– No
• Conservative religion
• Social, economic hierarchies
– No
http://www.askasia.org/images/teachers/display/41.jpg
Age of Discovery:
http://www.hyperhistory.com
th
th
15 -16
century
Doctrine of Discovery
• Originated as a Papal Bull in
1455
– To allow Portugal to conquer
West Africa
– And other non-Christian lands
• Extended later
– To include Spain’s conquests
• Basis of later European claim
to colonies
Columbus
http://amylivelydotcom.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/landing_columbus_70226_1.jpg
– and American expansion
Early World Powers:
Portugal and Spain
• Portugal
– Discovers Brazil
• By sailing south around tip of
Africa to find India
– Dominant force in Indian Ocean
– Early Monopoly on Spice Trade
• Spain
– New World Colonies extracted
for wealth: gold
– Plantation system
– Slavery
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg
Colonies: 1700s
Colonial Economic System
Empire
Conquest
Wealth,
Taxes
Food,
Resources
Colonies
New World Slave Trade
http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/chimage.php?image=2007/2043/triangle_map.jpg
Slave Trade Triangle
• Slaves captured or
•
•
•
Slave Trade Triangle
http://www.geocities.com/ks3history/c_map.jpg
•
bought in Africa
Shipped to Caribbean to
work on Sugar
plantations
Slaves traded for sugar
Sugar traded in Europe
for manufactured goods
European manufactured
goods traded in Africa
for slaves
Slave Trade
Caribbean
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds/images/map4_3.jpg
African slaves in the New World
http://i97.photobucket.com/albums/l213/blackcuz727/African_Slave_Trade.gif
Agricultural Slavery Economy
Government
Legalized
Slavery
Economy
Agriculture
depends
on Slavery
Ideology
Religion
Justified
Slavery
Religious Justification for Slavery
• Noah cursed Ham’s son: "Cursed
Curse of Ham
http://bp0.blogger.com/_mo4yOXmj64/SB3TSHotapI/AAAAAAAAABo/TyhSyVUY5Q0/s1600h/HamLeavesNoah.jpg
be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will
he be to his brothers. He also said,
'Blessed be the Lord, the God of
Shem! May Canaan be the slave of
Shem. May God extend the territory
of Japheth; may Japheth live in the
tents of Shem and may Canaan be
his slave'. " Genesis 9:25-27
• Descendents of Ham were thought
to inhabit Africa
• This was used to justify African
slavery
Agricultural Slavery Economy
Owners
Labor
Food
Production
Slave Population
Slavery in Islamic Countries
• Slavery permitted in Koran
– Muhammad owned slaves
• Non-Muslims enslaved in Jihad
• Freeing of slaves encouraged
• More women enslaved
– For domestic help, harems
• Sex outside of marriage permitted with
female slaves
• Not primarily for agriculture
– Men often castrated
• Some used as warriors
• Breeding of slaves not common
Zanzibar Slave Market, 1860s
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=78400&rendTypeId=4
– Needed to be constantly imported
• Millions from Africa over 14 centuries
– Death tolls high
• Abolished in 20th century
– Persists in Sudan, Mauritania
Protestant Reformation:
16th century
• Germany,
Netherlands, England
Martin Luther
http://truereligiondebate.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/martin-luther.jpg
– Freedom from
authority of Church
– Reading Bible in
common language
– Triggers new thought
and science
– Where the industrial
revolution began
Protestant Reformation
http://www.lincolncs.org/5-6/Studies/images/armada/Map%20of%20Reformation.gif
Counter Reformation
• Spain, Portugal, Italy
– Repression of new ideas
– Ban on foreign books
• education suffered
– Heresies punished
• to preserve Church
– Inquisition:
• Protestants, Jews, Moslems
– Fell behind in technology
http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/3231/Jewish-Community-Of-Malta/torture.png
Long term effect on literacy
• Literacy in 1900
–
–
–
–
http://z.about.com/d/denver/1/0/p/3/-/-/InspiringImpressionism_Fragonard.jpg
Britain : 97%
Italy: 52%
Spain: 44%
Portugal: 22%
Galileo
• Italian experimental scientist:
– Showed that earth must revolve
around sun
– Published in Italian, not Latin
• Condemned by the Church for
heresy: 1633
– Forced to confess error
– Huge blow for Italian science
– Church finally forgave Galileo
1981
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg
Isaac Newton
• English scientist
– born the year Galileo died, 1642
• Invented calculus
• Discoveries in:
– Optics, Gravitation, Motion,
Mechanics
• Built on discoveries of :
– Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo
• Founder of modern physical
science
http://astronomy.meta.org/monatlich/0601_monatsthema.html
Why Early Leaders Declined
• Spain and Portugal
– very wealthy in 16th century
• from New World gold
– Spent money on wars and
luxuries
– Did not have to make things
• could buy them
– Did not have to improve
agriculture
• could buy food
– Eventually money ran out
http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/people/images/pic_elizabeth_i_armada.jpg
Why Early Leaders Declined
• Italy was a renaissance
center of trade and
manufacture
– But no colonies in
New World
– Old power structures
prevented change
Venice, Italy
http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/aaas/route66/class/travel/613venice.jpg
http://www.cosmeo.com/images/pictures/player/ef6d4a81-0aae-84f2-dd21bf9627f59efc.jpg
Dutch East Indies Company
1602-1798
• Netherlands
– Half the population lived in
cities: industrial
– Prosperous shipping,
trading: Middlemen
– Money lending allowed
– Protestant
• Spain wages war on
Protestantism in
Netherlands
• Dutch send own ships to
Indian Ocean:
– Dutch East Indies Company
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1275/737549497_ba36f06860.jpg?v=0
Dutch East Indies Company
1602-1798
• Soon dominant in
Spice Trade
• Virtual Monopoly on
spice Islands of
Indonesia
Dutch East Indies
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/c/c2/DutchEmpire.png
British Rise
• British pirates
– better ships, guns
• American Colonies
– settled by dissidents to start a new life
• Britain ahead of Europe in
–
–
–
–
–
–
Queen Elizabeth, 1600
http://keidahl.terranhost.com/Spring/EUH3501England/ImagesElizabethI.htm
Textiles
Iron
Coal
Agriculture
Roads
Freedoms
Industrial Revolution
• Started in England late 1700s
– cotton spinning
• Produced goods for the masses
• Fortunes made
– age of unrestrained capitalism
• Raw materials came from
colonies.
– Manufactured in Europe
– Colonies were guaranteed markets
for manufactured goods
Trade with colonies
Industrial Revolution
• Spawned abuses of labor:
– women, children
– sometimes chained to
machines
• Rich became richer:
dominated world
• Inequity of wealth
– led to Socialism,
Communism in Europe
http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/childmillworker.jpg
Why England?
• Open society
– Individual initiative
– social mobility
• Political liberty
– Open debate
– Property rights
• Center of scientific revolution
– Isaac Newton
• Principia Mathematica, 1687
Isaac Newton
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/lega-02.html
Why England?
• Geographical advantages
– Island nation
• Extensive sea trade
• Less risk of invasion
– Navigable rivers
• Internal trade
– Good agricultural climate
– Proximity to N. America
• Raw materials
– Coal abundant
• Fueled Industrial Revolution
http://www.culturalresources.com/images/maps/EngIndRevBig.jpg
Fossil Fuels
Made Industrial Revolution possible
• Coal powered steam engines
– Transportation
– Industrial production on huge scale
• Textiles, clothes
• Steel
• Fertilizer
• Chemicals
• Pharmaceuticals
• By 20th Century
– Service industries
– Communications
– Electrification
Effect of the Industrial Revolution
British in India
• Set up trade in India
• Corrupt Mogul Empire in India
– ignores British gains
• British soon control India
• Export cotton from India to Britain
• Machine cotton spinning in Britain
– starts industrial revolution
• British empire expands
– Africa, Asia, Australia
http://www.india-history.com/images/maps/india-in-1857.gif
British Imperialism
British Imperialism
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1280/1252641808_8cb370643a_o.jpg
British Empire
At its peak controlled one sixth of humanity
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/brit_emp.gif
Imperialist Expansion
Government
Military domination
Economy
Domination of
Resources
and Markets
Ideology
Religious and
cultural
justification
Russian Empire
European Imperialism
1700s-1800s
• Other European countries
scramble to set up
colonies all over world
–
–
–
–
http://001yourtranslationservice.com/translations/jobs/pics/Africa-European-Colonies.png
France
Belgium
Germany
Denmark
African Colonialism
• “When the missionaries
came to Africa they had
the Bible and we had the
land. They said, 'Let us
pray.' We closed our
eyes. When we opened
them we had the Bible
and they had the land.”
• – Bishop Desmond Tutu
Bishop Desmond Tutu,
Nobel Prize winner 1984
http://www.canal-st.co.uk/resources/168/4219/61/Tutu.jpg
Ethnic Groups in Africa
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/01/09/weekinreview/09sudan-map.html?ref=sudan
Spanish Colonies: South and
Central America
• “Spain transmitted to us
everything it had:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Catedral_de_M%C3%A9xico.jpg
its language,
its architecture,
its religion,
its dress and its food,
its military tradition and
its judicial and civil
institutions;
wheat,
livestock,
sugar cane,
even our dogs and
chickens….
Spanish Colonies
• “But we couldn’t receive from
Spain Western methods of
–
–
–
–
–
production and
distribution,
technique,
capital, and the
ideas of European society,
• because Spain didn’t have
them.”
--Juan Bosch, first democratically
elected president of the Dominican
Republic
Westward Expansion of the U.S.A.
http://www.jackvallerga.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/terrexpan500.jpg
Native Americans
http://www.aaanativearts.com/Native_American_map.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The immediate objectives
are the total destruction and
devastation of their
settlements. It will be
essential to ruin their crops
in the ground and prevent
their planting more”
– President George Washington
http://www.visitingdc.com/images/george-washington-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “If it be the Design of
Providence to Extirpate
these Savages in order
to make room for
Cultivators of the Earth,
it seems not improbable
that Rum may be the
appointed means”
– Benjamin Franklin
http://www.elcivics.com/images/benjamin-franklin.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “This unfortunate race,
whom we had been taking
so much pains to save and to
civilize, have by their
unexpected desertion and
ferocious barbarities
justified extermination and
now await our decision on
their fate”
– President Thomas Jefferson
http://sttheresaschool.org/history/images/thomas-jefferson-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “What is the right of the
huntsman to the forest of
a thousand miles over
which he has
accidentally ranged in
quest of prey?
– President John Quincy
Adams
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62214&rendTypeId=4
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The hunter or savage
state requires a greater
extent of territory to
sustain it, than is
compatible with the
progress and just claims
of civilized life … and
must yield to it.”
– President James Monroe
http://davidostewart.com/blog/home/ftp-stewart/www/davidostewart.com/blog/james-monroe-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “They have neither the intelligence,
http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/upload/schools/fhs/639-andrew-jackson-picture.jpg
the industry, the moral habits, nor
the desire of improvement which
are essential to any favorable
change in their condition.
Established in the midst of another
and a superior race, and without
appreciating the causes of their
inferiority or seeking to control
them, they must necessarily yield
to the force of circumstances and
ere long disappear”
– President Andrew Jackson
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The tribes of Indians inhabiting this
country were savages, whose occupation
was war, and whose subsistence was
drawn from the forest…That law which
regulates, and ought to regulate in
general, the relations between the
conquerer and conquered was incapable
of application to a people under such
circumstances. Discovery [of America
by Europeans] gave an exclusive right to
extinguish the Indian title of occupancy,
either by purchase or by conquest.”
– Chief Justice John Marshall (served 1801-1835)
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/images/Fall2002/Marshall.j
pg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “Is one of the fairest portions of
the globe to remain in a state of
nature, the haunt of a few
wretched savages, when it
seems destined by the Creator to
give support to a large
population and to be the seat of
civilization?”
– President William Henry Harrison
http://www.visitingdc.com/images/william-henry-harrison-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• "The buffalo are disappearing
rapidly, but not faster than I desire. I
regard the destruction of such game
as Indians subsist upon as
facilitating the policy of the
Government, of destroying their
hunting habits, coercing them on
reservations, and compelling them
to begin to adopt the habits of
civilization."
– Secretary of the Interior Delano, 1874
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CDelano.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “If I would hear that every
Buffalo in the northern herd
were killed, I would be glad.”
• “The only good Indians I ever
saw were dead.”
– General Philip Sheridan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Philip_Sheridan.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The settler and pioneer have
at bottom had justice on their
side; this great continent could
not have been kept as nothing
but a game preserve for
squalid savages.”
– President Theodore Roosevelt
http://www.roac.nl/roac/_pictures/general/Theodore%20Roosevelt.JPG
U.S. Westward Expansion
Government
Policies toward Native
Americans
Economy
Western
land and
resources
Ideology
Religious and
cultural
justification
Age of Imperialism
Mark Twain
• “All the territorial
possessions of all the
political establishments in
the earth--including
America, of course-- consist
of pilferings from other
people's wash. No tribe,
howsoever insignificant, and
no nation, howsoever mighty
occupies a foot of land that
was not stolen.”
-- Mark Twain
http://thezaz.nationallampoon.com/files/2009/08/42-mark-twain-mustache.jpg
Age of Imperialism
• Diffusion of wealth occurred
– From Britain to its colonies
• USA, Australia, New Zealand
– From N. Europe to S. Europe
• Railroads built
• Serfdom ended
• Industry financed by capital
– From Europe to the world
• Latin America
• Asia
• Africa
http://www.jimwegryn.com/Photos/Photos.htm
Age of Imperialism
• European wealth = power
• Exploitation of Africa, Asia
– Forced Africans to grow cash crops
– Head taxes forced Africans to work
in mines and plantations
• Sometimes hundreds of miles away
from family
– Natural resources taken
– Private armies ensured compliance
• With military force from home country
British cannon used to
execute rebels in India, 1857
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/february/british-atrocities-india.htm
as backup
WWI: clash of imperialist powers
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://mysite.verizon.net/alankh/akhblog/WWI-trench.jpg
Germany
Russia
France
England
U.S.
Ottoman Empire
WWII: Reaction to WWI
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Axis Powers
http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/427maps/Axispowers1942isu.jpg
Germany
Japan
Britain
France
U.S.
Russia
China
Independence after WWII
Cold War: Reaction to WWII
• First world: Western
Europe and allies
• Second world: Russia,
China and allies
• Third world: former
colonies in Africa,
Asia, Americas
Iron Curtain
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hi07003.gif
U.S. Dual Course after WWII
Competing with USSR for Influence in Third World
Military Intervention
--Korea, Vietnam, etc.
Promoted Ag in Third World
-- Green Revolution
http://screamingeagles__10.tripod.com/ChopperExtraction.jpg
http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/news/the_golden_wheat_1.jpg
Inequity
First
World
Wealth
Food,
Resources
Third World
Terrorism: Reaction to Inequity
• Powerlessness
– Economic
– Military
• Desperation
– Nothing to lose
– Religious motivation
• State sponsored
911
http://blogmeisterusa.mu.nu/archives/2006_02.php
–
–
–
–
–
Cuba
Iran
North Korea
Syria
Sudan
Hunger Today
Colonialism, economic domination, and repressive
governments have had a huge impact on World Hunger.