Advanced
Interpretation
Week One(1)
 Basic
knowledge of Interpretation
Objectives
After this training, you should
 have the general knowledge of
interpretation
 know the general requirements for an
interpreter
 know why and how to learn
interpretation
 Know some of the memorizing skills
for interpreting.
Interpretation: definition
It is defined as "oral translation of a written
text" (Shuttleworth & Cowie: 1997:83).
Interpreting is a service activity with a
communication function. (Gile) It is usually a
face-to-face communicative act.
Differences between interpretation and
translation

The difference in the medium
 The difference in the time limit
 The key skill of a very good translator is the ability
to write well，professional translators almost
always work in only one direction, translating only
into their native language ,using a good library of
dictionaries and reference materials,
 An interpreter, has to be able to translate in both
directions, without the use of any dictionaries on
the spot.
History of Interpretation
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Interpretation dates back to the old times when the need for cross-border
exchanges made its presence felt by different races of people who, as society
moved forward, found their secluded way of life a far cry from further economic
and cultural development. Bilingual interpretation and multilingual interpretation,
as a result, began to take shape in the service of all races craving for
knowledge of lifestyles other than their own. A faithful account of the
enlightenment of human beings, interpretation has been witnessing, since its
formation, a wide range of cross-border activities such as the tours made by
early travelers around the world, the spread of religious beliefs among different
races, the exchanges between eastern and western civilizations and the
establishment of various international organizations, etc. It was in the 1400s
that Pierre Dubois, a French jurist proposed the founding of professional
schools to offer systematic interpretation training, the first time it was held both
as a skill and a science. The idea was justifiably followed by endless effort for
that purpose, all of which went in due time to the maturity of interpretation.
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In 1919, shortly after the World War I, some bilingual learners were
appointed by the organizing committee of “Paris Peace Conference”
to interpret consecutively for the post-war negotiations, signaling the
rise of interpretation as a profession with a seal of approval from the
United Nations. After their debut in the public, some participated
interpreters made a reality the founding of a training institute for
interpretation, the first of its kind that offered professional skills of
interpretation as an independent discipline. Their effort did reap the
reward. In the wake of World War II, the trial of POW in Nuremberg
saw a breakthrough in the development of interpretation which
almost incredibly climbed to a simultaneous phase, a phase that
greatly streamlined the heavy load of trial procedures and thus
exercised a consequent seminal influence on the evolution of
interpretation.
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Now the world has brought interpretation to the place to
which it has an inalienable claim. In fact, much attention
has been paid to the study of interpretation and to the
cultivation of qualified interpreters as evidenced by the
introduction of interpretation to higher education
curriculums and the establishment of interpretation
associations of all sizes. The oral work of inter-lingual
transference has gradually blossomed into a top-notch
profession favored by language learners and proficient
interpreters are sought-after by enterprises,
governments and international organizations. Toward the
upsurge we shouldn’t be unduly surprised since it is,
indeed, as it should be.
Types of interpreting
 by
mode:
alternating interpretation(交替口译)
consecutive interpretation(接续口译)
simultaneous interpretation(同声传译)
whispering interpretation(耳语口译)
sight interpretation(视阅口译)
Alternating interpretation:
 In
alternating interpretation, the interpreter
offers interpretation in turns for speakers of
different languages. This happens often in
conference talks and business talks where
there is only one interpreter who offers
interpretation for both parties involved.
Consecutive interpretation:
 Consecutive
interpretation is also impromptu
interpretation or step by step interpretation.
This kind of interpretation is usually done by
meaning groups, for example, sentence by
sentence, or paragraph by paragraph. It is
often used in speeches, lectures, high-level
conferences, press conferences, etc.
Simultaneous interpretation:
 SI
is the most efficient form of interpretation
in which the interpreter interprets a
speaker’s words (SL) into his audience’s
language (TL) at almost the same speed of
the speaker.
Whispering:
 Simultaneous
interpreter whispers
his interpretation to his service
objects, usu. One to three persons.
Sight interpreting：
 When,
in interpretation, the source language
is received in written form while the target
language conveyed in oral form, we call it
sight interpretation. Basically similar to
simultaneous interpretation, sight
interpretation is applied on great occasions
when a pre-prepared speech script is
provided.
 By
content:
guide interpretation(导游口译)
ceremony interpretation(礼仪口译)
information interpretation(宣传口译)
conference interpretation(会议口译)
negotiation interpretation(谈判口译)
Style in Interpretation

Casual:
 Q: Dear Michael, who taught you how to
play golf and do you still use a coach?
 A: A lot of people helped teach me—mostly my
buddies at the UNC while I was in school. I
occasionally use a PRO to advise me on
improving --but no one regular. I've come to
realize that I'm just a "hack"--so now I am
enjoying just playing without a lot of coaching.
 问:亲爱的迈克尔,谁教你打高尔夫球,你现在
还有教练吗?
 答：有许多人教过我—多数是我在北卡罗来
纳大学时的老同学.偶尔会请个职业教练帮帮
我,但不经常.我已经渐渐认识到我不过是随
便玩玩而已.所以现在更不想要教练,就自己
玩.
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Formal:
 Q: Women in the United States generally live
longer than men. But in recent years that gap
has been narrowing a bit. How has that
affected the life insurance business?
 A: It is not narrowing that much, thank goodness
We are still outliving men, we are still. We
have quite a gap on them, still about 7-8
years. The only reason it’s narrowing is women are
doing things to themselves that they shouldn’t be
doing , like smoking ,and all those bad habits that men have
had for many years. But it is not narrowing for other reasons.
问:在美国,一般来说妇女比男人更长寿,但是近年来
差距在缩小.这对人寿保险业有什么影响?
 答:感谢上帝,差距并没有缩小多少。我们还是比男
人寿命长。我们和他们的寿命有很大差距,大约仍有
七、八年的差距。差距缩小的唯一原因是妇女们做
那些不该做的事情，如吸烟以及男人们很久以来就
有的一些坏习惯。除此以外没有别的原因。
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 Official:
I wish to thank you，Mr. Premier, for
accepting my invitation to share your evening
with my colleagues and me, and for honoring
Canada with your presence. These have been
very pleasant days in Peking, and I’m happy
that this phase of my visit should conclude in
such a congenial atmosphere.
 总理先生，感谢您今晚应邀来同我和我的同
事们欢聚一堂。您的光临使加拿大感到荣幸。
在北京的这些日子是令人愉快的，而且使我
感到高兴的是，我访问途径的这一站能够在
如此意气相投的气氛中结束。
Prerequisites for a good interpreter:
 Bilingual
Excellence
 Broad Knowledge
 Quick Response & Good Memory
 Sense of Responsibility
Interpreter’s knowledge structure

KI=KL+EK+S(P+AP)
 KI=Knowledge Required for an Interpreter
KL=Knowledge for language
EK=Encyclopedic Knowledge
S（P+AP）= Professional Interpreting Skills
and Artistic Presentation Skills
Criteria for Interpretation
 accuracy,
 smoothness
 fluency.
Process of Interpretation
input → decoding → memorizing →
encoding → output
Linguistic Theory of Interpretation
Danica Seleskovitch（达尼卡. 塞莱丝柯维奇）:
“The approach (to interpretation) also
focuses on the mental and cognitive
processes involved in interpreting, which is
seen as comprising the three stages of
interpretation（理解）, de-verbalization（脱离
源语外壳） and reformulation（重新表达）”
（Seleskovitch,1977）。
Points manners that call for attention

Public speaking means one must be clearly audible, and an important
skill for interpreters is voice projection. Here are some tips -- the “dos”
and “don’ts” of voice projection. Follow the advice and practice both
inside and outside class:

-- do speak with a clear, firm voice, the first few sentences are
especially important to convey assurance to your audience;
-- be clearly intelligible at all times; pronounce proper names and titles
especially carefully;
-- don’t “orate”, but do sound natural and sincere;
-- use the first person singular;
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-- talk to your audience “personally” and keep contact with
them at all times;
-- watch the reaction of the audience to what you say;
-- be friendly toward your audience, be interested in your
subject;
-- don’t frown;
-- don’t grimace, even if you make mistakes;
-- allow space for applause, laughter, or interruptions.
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Eye contact
-- In order to make the audience understand better, the
interpreter needs to talk to them naturally and
“personally”, keep eye contact with them and watch their
response all the time. A good interpreter never buries
himself in reading his speech or looking at his notes. He
talks to his audience like an ordinary speaker and just
glances at his notes occasionally.
Posture
-- Whether you are seated or standing before the
microphone, don’t sway your body from one side to
another.
--Refrain from using too many gestures or getting too
emotional as some speakers do. Otherwise, you will
draw too much attention from the audience and may look
ridiculous.
How to train your interpreting ability
 1.
much practice
 2. improve your listening
 3. improve your memory
 4. learn some effective skills and use them
in your practice
 5. broaden the scope of your knowledge
 6. always enlarge your vocabulary
Listening Training
Attention:
Listen to the material carefully once, try to
memorize the content with your mind aided
by necessary note-taking, then repeat what
you remember. You should focus on the
information you have got not the words, and
you may change the manner of expression
when repeating
 Preparation:
e-health, electronic health services.
the Democratic Republic of Congo.
 de Sante Familiale
 Vodacom company
 Population Services
 the D.R.C.
Jamaica Corker
 Pakistan.
 cell phone-based technologies
 AIDS helpline
 H.I.V
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This is the VOA Special English Development Report.
Sending and receiving money by text message. Sharing crop prices. Just talking to a loved one far from
home. These are some of the ways that mobile phones have changed lives in developing countries. Another
way is through e-health, electronic health services.
One example is a telephone hotline in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Callers can receive information
about family planning and the prevention of unwanted pregnancies. They are able to speak privately with
trained operators about contraceptive methods and about health clinics.
The nonprofit group Population Services International and its partner Association de Sante Familiale
launched the service in two thousand five. The United States Agency for International Development
finances the program. And an agreement with the Vodacom company makes the service free to callers.
We talked with Jamaica Corker, on her cell phone, at the Population Services International office in the
D.R.C.
JAMAICA CORKER: "The hotline has given us an opportunity to take advantage of cell phone technology,
to reach people outside of our intervention zone with family planning messaging. In a country the size of
western Europe, we can't be everywhere at the same time, and the hotline allows them to call in no matter
where they are and to ask us the information that we can provide -- even if we're not necessarily able to
provide the services directly."
Jamaica Corker says more than twenty thousand people called the hotline in two thousand eight, the latest
year available. More than eighty percent were men. She says this is mainly because men own most of the
phones.
The group also has family planning hotlines in Benin and Pakistan. And it is launching a mobile phone
program to gather records on condom sales around Tanzania.
The journal Health Affairs recently published an issue on "E-Health in the Developing World." Editor Susan
Dentzer says e-health is improving lives in different ways.
SUSAN DENTZER: "For example in Rwanda, where cell phone-based technologies are being used to keep
track of dispensation of drugs to patients with H.I.V. And Rwanda is actually at the leading edge of
developing nations in tapping these technologies to advance health and health care."
In South Africa, a campaign of text messages about H.I.V. led to a large increase in calls to the national
AIDS helpline. And a program in Peru sends text messages to patients with H.I.V., reminding them to take
their medicines.
And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by June Simms. Tell us about e-health
services where you are. You can share ideas and find our programs at 51voa.com and on Facebook at VOA
Learning English. That's also our address on Twitter, YouTube and iTunes. I'm Steve Ember.
assignment
 1.
Listen to VOA (standard) for not less than
30 minutes, and try your repetition.
 2. Find one or two partners to practice
interpreting for not less than 30 minutes.
Reserve the material you use for the next inclass interpreting activities.
Week one(2)
 I.
Objectives
 You should be able to repeat two English
sentences or three Chinese sentences at a
time after training.
Skill for interpretation 1
Memory in Interpreting1:
 (1) Memorizing by image: turn information into
images that represent concrete situations to
reduce the burden of memory.
 (2) Memorizing by outline: Load information into a
framework—structure it. Focus on the points and
their relationship.
 (3) Memorizing by inference: Group the
information received by make the different groups
of information into a hierarchical structure and
infer what comes next accordingly.
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Preparation:
 Two-year colleges,
 community colleges,
 higher education system.
 four-year college or university
 American embassy
 international students
 Foreign Student
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This is the VOA Special English Education Report.
For ten months, we have talking about coming to study in the United States. This week, we complete
that series and repeat some of the advice.
Decide what kind of school interests you: Big or small, city or rural, public or private, two-year or fouryear?
Two-year colleges, also known as community colleges, have not always gotten a lot of respect. Yet
they are the largest part of the American higher education system. They often serve older and parttime students and those needing special help. But other students begin at a community college to
save money, then finish at a four-year college or university.
On Tuesday, President Obama announced a plan to invest twelve billion dollars in community
colleges over the next ten years. The goal is to help an additional five million students earn degrees
or certificates. The president said jobs requiring at least an associate degree are expected to grow
twice as fast in the coming years as jobs requiring no college experience.
To help with your college search, try to attend education fairs and visit an Education USA Advising
Center. You can find the nearest one at education usa.state.gov. Also visit school Web sites and sites
where students share their experiences, like College ClickTV and zinch.com.
Apply to at least three schools. Make sure they are accredited. To do that, go to chea.org -- c-h-e-a
dot o-r-g.
As soon as you are accepted, make an appointment for a visa interview at an American embassy or
consulate. The State Department says it is working to reduce visa delays that have affected foreign
science students and researchers over the past year.
Financial aid can be limited for international students. To reduce costs, you might look into online
classes or a foreign campus of an American school.
During our Foreign Student Series we also talked about student life in the United States and
programs to help international students. For example, writing centers can help teach the rules of
American academic writing.
All the reports in our series -- including programs on admissions tests -- can be found at 51voa.com.
Thanks to everyone who sent us questions. If you have a question, we might answer it in a future
program. Click on Contact Us or write to special@voanews.com. Be sure to include your name and
country.
Week Two(1)
I. Objectives
 After training:
 You should be able to repeat more than four
English or Chinese sentences at a time.
 You should be able to repeat two sentences in
the target language
 You should learn to memorize what they hear by
direct their attention to the logic of the material.

Interpreting Basics
 Memory
in interpreting 2:
Inputting information (focus on the idea:
purpose of communication; topic, discourse
structure)
Storing (keeping) information (keep in memory
with aid of notes)
Output information (get started with the help of
triggers)
 preparation:
 grapevines.
 The Featherstone Winery
 southern Ontario.
 Pruning
 David Johnson
 vineyard
 New Zealand.
 organic pesticides
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This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.
Growers around the world are using new methods to grow grapes to make wine. These include
natural and organic methods to control harmful insects and weeds instead of using chemicals.
Now, a winery in Canada has imported a natural way to control its grapevines.
The Featherstone Winery is in southern Ontario. It has eight hectares of perfect rows of
grapevines. The vines, like other plants, need to be pruned every year.
In general, dead or living parts of plants need to be removed to improve the shape or growth of
the plant. Pruning grapevines must be done very carefully. Only a targeted area of leaves is
removed from the lower part of the vines to help the grapes grow better.
But at the Featherstone Winery, no man or machine does the pruning. Instead, the job is done by
forty cute, little wooly lambs.
(SOUND)
David Johnson owns the vineyard. He says he learned about using lambs while visiting wineries
in New Zealand.
Mister Johnson says the young lambs are perfectly designed to do the job. They eat the grape
leaves on the lower parts of the vine. But they are not tall enough to reach the grapes.
They only weigh about twenty-two kilos, so they do not beat down the soil. And their waste
makes good organic fertilizer. In addition, using the lambs costs much less than hiring workers to
prune the vines for seven weeks in the summer.
And when the pruning is done in August, the lambs -- well, you might not want to know this part.
They become lamb chops. Tasty ones, says David Johnson.
He says he had a difficult time finding enough lambs to do the job. There are about fifty million
lambs in New Zealand. But there are not nearly as many in Ontario. Also, even some organic
pesticides are harmful to lambs. And the lambs must be supervised so they do not prune too
much.
David Johnson says the lambs carry out his environmental ideas about farming. He says the
lambs are lovely and peaceful and he likes having them in his vineyard. People visiting the
vineyard also enjoy watching the lambs do their job.
Week Two(2)
 Objectives:
 After
training:
 1. You should be able to simultaneously
repeat two sentences in the target language.
 2. You should learn to memorize what you
hear by first analysing and generalizing what
you hear.
 Memory
in Interpreting(3)
 Memorizing by summarizing
 Find out the general topic and the sub-topics
and even sub-sub-topics. And arrange sort
out the information in different strata of
topics. See the paradigm:
Topic
Sub-topic
Sub-topic
Sub-topic
 Sentence
memorizing:
 1. fact: focus on “what”.
 2. event: focus on “who, what, when”.
 3. abstract statement: focus on “logic”.
Preparation
 Getting
Clunkers and Distracted Drivers
Off the Road
 Transportation Secretary 交通局长(部长）
 Ray LaHood 雷·拉胡德
 text-messaging
 Car Allowance Rebate System汽车津贴与
折扣制度
 Clunkers 年久失修的旧机器
metal 废铁片（金属片）
 bailout 救援行动
 Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid 参议
院多数党领导人 哈里·雷德
 Mos Def 默斯·戴福
 John Wilkes Booth 约翰·W·布思
 Brooks Brothers布鲁克斯兄弟公司
 scrap
 This week in Washington, Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood
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announced plans for a "distracted driving summit" in September.
Transportation and law enforcement officials, safety activists and
others will discuss how to deal with drivers who do other things as they
drive. Talking on the phone has long been an issue. But textmessaging while driving has gained more attention recently following a
number of deadly crashes.
Right now, though, distracted driving is not the only thing Secretary
LaHood has to think about.
For the first time in many months, large numbers of Americans have
been buying new cars. And here is at least part of the reason why:
Since late July the government has been paying for people to trade in
older vehicles for newer ones with greater fuel economy. The program
is named the Car Allowance Rebate System, but known as "cash for
clunkers."
It was included as part of an unrelated defense bill passed in June.
Congress provided one billion dollars for car dealers to pay for tradeins. Qualified buyers can receive up to four thousand five hundred
dollars toward a new vehicle. So far, most of the trade-ins have been
trucks and the majority of new purchases have been cars.
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Dealers are required to make the trade-ins unusable by destroying the
engine, then recycle the old vehicles into scrap metal.
The billion dollars was supposed to last until November. But the
program has been so popular, officials say most of the money is
already gone. President Obama asked Congress for an additional two
billion dollars which could last through Labor Day, September seventh.
Last week the House of Representatives agreed. And on Wednesday,
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid announced a deal between
Democrats and Republicans to clear the way for final approval.
But "cash for clunkers" has its critics. Liberals say the fuel-efficiency
requirements for the replacement vehicles are not strong enough for
the environment. Conservatives object to the cost, and the idea of what
they say is just another bailout for the car industry.
The Transportation Department reported Wednesday that almost half
of all sales were from American manufacturers. However, foreign
automakers had six of the ten top selling vehicles in the program. But
even so, most of their vehicles were built in the United States.
Week Three(1)
 Objectives:
 After
training:
 1. You should be able to simultaneously
repeat a paragraph in the target language
 2. Learn the basic knowledge of note-taking.
 2. memorize what you hear by first
analysing and summarizing what you hear.
Note taking(1)
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While it is essential for an interpreter to be able to use his/her short-term
memory, it is highly important for him/her to be able to use notes to help
remembering, especially when the input is longer than what the short-term
memory can manage. For an interpreter, it cannot be stressed more that taking
notes is only a means to supplement or enhance memory or to remind him/her
of the received information. The act of taking notes should not take up too
much of attention or effort.
Notes are highly individualized, created by each individual interpreter for
personal use. For example, some interpreters think that the target language
should be used in notes, that is to say, English for C-E interpreting and
Chinese for E-C rendering, some find it more convenient to use the source
language and still some prefer to use the combination of the two. However
some principles prove helpful to most interpreters. First of all, a logical analysis
of the speech is indispensable, through which the organization of the speech is
highlighted and the key sense groups are distinguished from relatively
insignificant information.
 The
difference between interpreting notetaking and sketch note-taking
 The principal principle of interpreting notetaking.
 General requirements for and
characteristics of note-taking
Examples:
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E.g. 1. What I really want to do is lay out three things. First, I’d like
to explain what the administration’s China policy is. As you will see
in a few moments, it is not necessarily as self-apparent as you might
think. Then I’d like to give my interpretation of what happened at the
last summit, and then I’d like to give some remarks about what I
think will happen at the next summit. So let me start on that rather
ambitious agenda and see if we can do all of it in 20 to 30 minutes.
One example of a note for the passage can be as follows:
lay out: 3
解：对华政
not 显≠think
last sum.
next
amb., 20-30分
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E.g. 2. The GATT system has been the catalyst for the greatest
expansion of global trade and economic growth in the history of
mankind. Tariffs have fallen from an average of 40 percent in 1948
to today’s average of less than 4 percent. Global trade has
increased 16-fold, helping to lead to a 400 percent increase in real
world output. Rich countries has gotten richer; but so have the less
developed ones. That is the reason why today the WTO has 132
members, with 32 more countries interested in joining.
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GATT = 催：g 贸
经↑est in 人历
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关 平40% 1940 ↓
4% 今
g 贸 ↑16倍
→ 产出
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rich ↑
不发 ↑
So: 132 mem,
32 兴
 Preparation:
Amazon
 hardcover books
 iPhone
 Kindle
 e-books
 George Orwell
 Barnes & Noble
 copyright.
 The Justice Department
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European Commission
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This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
The book industry is trying to get a good read on its future.
These days, instead of turning paper pages, many readers reach
for handheld devices. These electronic readers not only store
books to show on a screen, they can also read them out loud.
This month, Amazon lowered the price of its Kindle reader by sixty
dollars to just under three hundred dollars. The device can
download books wirelessly from a store on Amazon's Web site.
Most new releases and bestsellers cost nine dollars and ninetynine cents. Newspapers, magazines and other services are
available for a monthly charge.
Buyers of e-books get a good deal: Traditional hardcover books
often cost around twenty-five dollars. But what about book
publishers and writers? Their concerns about profits that are like
the ones voiced as the Internet began to change the music
industry. Many e-books are already selling for ninety-nine cents.
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Books printed on paper are easily shared and resold by
anyone. But e-books can act more like computer software
licensed only to the user who buys them.
And some Kindle users got a shock last week. They were
surprised to find that copies of two books disappeared from
their devices. These were ninety-nine cent versions of
George Orwell's "1984" and "Animal Farm."
Bloggers have had fun pointing out that "1984" is largely
about censorship -- the suppression of information in a
society led by Big Brother. Amazon explained that it did not
have the rights to the books, so it erased them and
returned the people's money.
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This week, Barnes & Noble, the world's largest bookseller, launched
what it calls the world's largest e-bookstore. People can read the books
on the Apple iphone and other handheld devices and personal
computers. They can also download over half a million books available
free from Google. The Internet search company is putting books online
that are no longer protected by copyright.
But last October, Google reached a one hundred twenty-five million
dollar legal settlement to also make parts of some copyrighted books
available. That deal with two groups of writers and publishers has
raised competition issues. The Justice Department is now investigating.
Also, the European Union plans hearings in September on how
European writers might be affected.
And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario
Ritter. Transcripts and podcasts of our reports can be found at
voaspecialenglish.com. I'm Steve Ember.
Week Three(2)
 Objectives:
 You
will trained to better memorize and
interpret figures properly.
Note-taking(2)
$
=
/
 ><
+
^
 //
U
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 Aids:
module 指令舱
 Lunar module 登月舱
 Service module 服务舱
 Samoa 萨摩亚群岛[南太平洋]
 mission control 地面控制站
 Command
步骤
 leak 泄露
 oxygen tank 氧气桶
 Navy captain James Lovell
 John Swigert
 Fred Haise
 move
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I'm Barbara Klein.
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VOICE TWO:
And I'm Steve Ember with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.
Today we continue the history of the American space program with the
flight of Apollo Thirteen, the flight that almost did not return home.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
American astronauts in Apollo Eleven landed on the moon July
twentieth, nineteen sixty-nine. A second landing was made four
months later. Both flights were almost perfect. Everything worked as
planned. Everyone expected the third moon-landing flight, Apollo
Thirteen, would go as well as the first two. But it did not.
Apollo Thirteen roared into space on Thursday, April eleventh,
nineteen seventy. The time was thirteen-thirteen, one-thirteen p. m.
local time. Navy captain James Lovell was commander of Apollo
Thirteen. He had flown on Apollo Eight, the first flight to orbit the moon.
The two other crew members were civilians -- John Swigert and Fred
Haise. Apollo Thirteen was their first space flight.
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VOICE TWO:
The Apollo Thirteen spacecraft was like the earlier Apollos. It had three major parts. One
was the command module. The astronauts would ride to the moon in the command
module and then ride back to Earth in it. It was the only part of the spacecraft that could
survive the fiery return through the Earth's atmosphere.
The lunar module was the second part. It would carry two of the astronauts to the
moon's surface. It would later launch them from the moon to rejoin the command module.
The third part of the Apollo spacecraft was the service module. It had a rocket engine
that the astronauts fired to begin circling the moon. They fired it again to break out of
moon orbit for the return flight to Earth. The service module carried tanks of oxygen for
the flight, and the fuel cells that produced electricity and water the astronauts needed to
survive.
VOICE ONE:
There was what seemed to be a minor problem during the ground tests before launch.
Two large tanks in the service module held liquid oxygen. The oxygen was the fuel that
provided water and electricity for the command module. One of the oxygen tanks failed
to empty normally during the ground test. Engineers had to boil off the remaining oxygen
by turning on a heater in the tank. Commander Lovell said later he should have
demanded the oxygen tank be replaced. But it seemed to be fixed. So no change was
made.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
After launch, Apollo Thirteen sailed smoothly through space for two days. Controllers on
the ground joked that the flight had gone so well they did not have enough to do. That
changed a few hours later. The first sign of trouble was a tiny burst of light in the western
sky over the United States. It looked like a far-away star had exploded.
VOICE ONE:
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Near the space center in Houston, Texas, some amateur
star-watchers were trying to see the Apollo spacecraft
through telescopes. One of the group had fixed a
telescope to a television set so that objects seen by the
telescope appeared on the television screen. The
spacecraft was too far away to be seen. But suddenly, a
bright spot appeared on the television screen. Over the
next ten minutes it grew into a white circle. The observers
on the ground had no reason to believe the white spot
they saw was made by the spacecraft. They thought it was
a problem with the television. So they went home to bed.
VOICE TWO:
It was not a problem with their television. It was a serious
problem with Apollo Thirteen. It happened a few minutes
after the three astronauts completed a television
broadcast to Earth.
The astronauts heard a loud noise. The spacecraft shook.
Warning lights came on. Swigert called to mission control.
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JOHN SWIGERT: "Houston, we've had a problem here."
The number two oxygen tank in the service module had exploded. The
liquid oxygen escaped into space. It formed a huge gas ball that
expanded rapidly. Sunlight made it glow. Within ten minutes, it was
almost eighty kilometers across. Then it slowly disappeared. The cloud
was the white spot the observers in Houston had seen on their
television.
VOICE ONE:
The loss of one oxygen tank should not have been a major problem.
Apollo had two oxygen tanks. So, if one failed, the other could be used.
But the astronauts soon learned that the explosion had caused the
other oxygen tank to leak.
The astronauts were three hundred twenty thousand kilometers from
Earth with little oxygen, electricity and water. Their situation was
extremely serious. No one knew if they could get the spacecraft back
to Earth, or if they could survive long enough to return.
(MUSIC)
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VOICE TWO:
The astronauts and the flight control center quickly decided that the lunar module could
be their lifeboat. It carried oxygen, water, electricity and food for two men for two days
on the moon's surface.
But there were three astronauts. And the trip back to Earth would take four days. The
men greatly reduced their use of water, food and heat. And they turned off all the
electrical devices they could.
Back on Earth, space scientists and engineers worked around the clock to design and
test new ideas to help the astronauts survive.
VOICE ONE:
Getting enough good air to breathe became the most serious problem. The carbon
dioxide the astronauts breathed out was poisoning the air. The lunar module had a few
devices for removing carbon dioxide. But there were not enough to remove all the
carbon dioxide they created.
Engineers on the ground designed a way the astronauts could connect air-cleaning
devices from the command module to the air system in the lunar module. The astronauts
made the connector from a plastic bag, cardboard and tape. It worked. Carbon dioxide
was no longer a problem.
VOICE TWO:
Now the problem was how to get the astronauts back to Earth as quickly and safely as
possible. They were more than two-thirds of the way to the moon on a flight path that
would take them to a moon landing. They needed to change their flight path to take them
around the moon and back toward Earth. They had to do this by firing the lunar module
rocket engine for just the right amount of time. And they had to make this move without
the equipment in the command module that kept the spacecraft on its flight path.
Five hours after the explosion, flight controllers advised firing the rocket for thirty-five
seconds. This sent the spacecraft around the moon instead of down to it. Two hours
after Apollo Thirteen went around the moon, the astronauts fired the rocket for five
minutes. This speeded up the spacecraft to reach Earth nine hours sooner.
(MUSIC)
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The lunar module was extremely uncomfortable. The astronauts had very little to drink and eat. But
the cold was the worst part of the return trip. The temperature inside the lunar module was only a few
degrees above freezing. It was too cold for them to sleep much.
They used the electrical power in the lunar module to add electricity to the batteries of the command
module. They would need the electrical power for their landing.
VOICE TWO:
The crew moved back to the command module a few hours before landing. They turned on the
necessary equipment and broke away from the damaged service module. As the service module
moved away, they saw for the first time the damage done by the exploding oxygen tank. Equipment
was hanging from a huge hole in the side of the module.
One hour before landing, Lovell, Swigert and Haise said thanks and goodbye to their lifeboat, the
lunar module. They separated from it and sent it flying away from them.
VOICE ONE:
Now, the command module of Apollo Thirteen headed alone toward Earth. It fell through the
atmosphere. Its parachutes opened, slowing its fall toward the Pacific Ocean, near Samoa. Ships
and planes were waiting in the landing area.
And millions of people around the world were watching the live television broadcast of the landing.
People everywhere cheered as the cameras found the spacecraft floating downward beneath its
three parachutes. They watched as it dropped softly into the water.
The Apollo Thirteen astronauts were safely home.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
Our program was written by Marilyn Rice Christiano and produced by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.
Week Four(1)
 Learn
to take notes effectively.
 Learn to interpret by logic.
 Learn to take down figures effectively.
Note-taking of figures

Figure interpreting constitutes a highly difficult problem to
beginners. This is because Chinese and English have
different ways of expressing numbers. In Chinese, we have
a series of numerical characters to express particular
figures, e.g. 十、百、千、万、百万、千万、亿、十亿…,
which are actually the multiples of “十”. But in English,
there are no equivalents of “万” and “亿”. Relevant
figures have to be converted on the basis of “thousand”,
“million” and “billion”. As a result, interpreter trainees often
feel handicapped in their desperate attempt to make the
conversions.
 Another
reason is that figure, which are
illogical in nature, are extremely difficult to
remember. No matter how good an
interpreter’s memory is, he/she cannot
expect to memorize all figures, especially
big ones. It is obvious that without prior
training, one can hardly avoid making
mistakes. Only through intensive training
can we achieve proficiency in handling this
problem.
Try to memorize:
1万=ten thousand
 10万=one hundred thousand
 100万=one million
 1000万=ten million
 1亿=one hundred million
 10亿=one billion
 11亿＝1.1 billion
 1万亿＝1trillion
 1万1千亿＝1.1trillion

Expressions for figure interpretation:
达到: reach, total, number, peak at, be…in total
 占%: account for, take up; constitute; make up
 上升：rise, increase, climb, jump, skyrocket,
augment, up
 下降: fall, drop, decline, decrease, precipitate,
down
 稳定/波动: level out/off, remain stable, fluctuate,
stand/stay at, to reach a peak
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Interpreting Approximate Numbers (大约)
CH: 约、大约、大概、来、左右……
ENG: about, around, roughly, approximately,
some, more or less, in the neighborhood of , or
so, or thereabout, in the rough…
Interpreting Numbers Smaller than Round
Numbers (少于)
CH: 少于、低于、不到、不及、不足、以下……
ENG: fewer than, less than, under, below,
within…
Interpreting Numbers with the Meaning of
“Nearly” (将近)
CH: 近、快、将近、几乎、差不多、差一点儿、差
一点儿不到……
 ENG: nearly, almost, toward, close on…
 Interpreting Indefinite Numbers Which Mean
“More Than”(多于)
 CH: 多于、大于、高于、超过、多、以上……
 ENG: more than, over, above, upwards of, and
more, odd, and odd…
 Interpreting Numbers Which Are Between
Particular Numbers (介于)
 CH: 到、至、介于…之间……
 ENG: from … to …, (anywhere) between… and …
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Exercises
Ex. 1
590/ 2,076 / 8, 565/ 61,500/ 77,519 / 5,978,300 /
96,329,100 / 873,665,300/ 415,978,729 /78,112,030,331
5.45万 105.08亿 208.55万 四亿九千二百五十万
（492.5m）
一百五十万零八千（one million five hundred and eight
thousand; 1.508m）
六十二亿二千九百八十四万五千（six billion two hundred
twenty-nine million eight hundred and forty five thousand;
6b, 229m.845 th）
Preparation
氮
 phosphorous: 磷
 maize: 玉米
 yield: 产量
 input: 投入
 nitrous oxide: 一氧化亚氮
 runoff: 流走之物
 algae: 藻类
 microorganism: 微生物
 nitrogen:
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This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.
Fertilizer use differs from country to country, and from too
little to too much. Nitrogen and phosphorus can produce
big crops. But they can also pollute water and air.
A recent policy discussion in the journal Science compared
the nutrient balances of different agriculture systems.
Researchers compared the use of fertilizer in three areas
that grow maize as a major grain: China, Kenya and the
United States.
By 2005, they say, farms in northern China produced about
the same amount of corn per hectare as farms in the
American Midwest. But the Chinese farmers used 6 times
more nitrogen, and produced almost 23 times more surplus
nitrogen.
Government policies can have an influence. For example,
as China sought food security, its policies increased
fertilizer use.
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The researchers note that farmers in the Midwest used too
much fertilizer on their crops through the 1970s. But
improved farming methods later increased their yields and,
at the same time, made better use of chemical nitrogen
fertilizer.
Farms in western Kenya use just over one-tenth as much
fertilizer as American farms. Corn harvests remain small.
The researchers say farming methods in Sub-Saharan
Africa need to improve or else poor quality soil will increase
rural poverty. More than 250 million people do not get
enough nutrients from crops to stay healthy.
Nutrient balances in agriculture differ with economic
development. Farmers lack enough inputs to maintain soil
fertility is parts of many developing countries, especially in
Africa south of the Sahara. But countries that are
developed or growing quickly often have unnecessary
surpluses.
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Ammonia gas released by fertilized cropland is a cause of
air pollution. The land can also release nitrous oxide, a
heat-trapping gas.
Nitrogen runoffs from farms can create large dead zones,
like those in the Gulf of Mexico. Algae microorganisms in
the water overpopulate because of the surplus nitrogen.
The algae take much of the oxygen from the water. Fish
and other organisms die.
Laurie Drinkwater at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York,
was an author of the report. Professor Drinkwater says
farmers need to think about ways to solve some of the
causes of nutrient loss from agriculture. She says different
countries need different solutions based on location,
environment, climate and population needs.
And that's the VOA Special English Agriculture Report,
written by Marisel Salazar. I'm Steve Ember.
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Ex. 2
Models: Belgium has an area of thirty one thousand square kilometers, its
population is ten million one hundred thousand and the population density is
three hundred and thirty inhabitants per square kilometer.
Country
Area
Population
Population density
(inhabitants per sq km)
Belgium
31,000
10,100,000
330
Denmark
43,000
5,200,000
120
Germany
357,000
81,200,000
226
France
544,000
57,600,000
106
Spain
505,000
39,100,000
78
Finland
337,000
5,100,000
15
Italy
301,000
57,100,000
189
Britain
244,000
58,000,000
237
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Idea gets more attention, but time saved may not mean tuition saved in earning a bachelor's degree.
Transcript of radio broadcast:
23 July 2009
This is the VOA Special English Education Report.
The last time the United States Education Department asked young people how long they took to finish
college was in two thousand one. Fifty-seven percent graduated with a bachelor of arts degree in four years.
Thirty-nine percent took five years.
And what about the others, the remaining four percent? They did it in three years. To some people, that is a
smart idea.
In February, Senator Lamar Alexander warned higher education leaders that they risk rejection unless they
lower the cost of attending college. The Republican senator is a former education secretary and former
president of the University of Tennessee. He suggested offering a three-year bachelor's degree that would
save money as well as time.
Many students can already graduate in three years. They take bigger class loads and classes in the summer.
And they have college credit from passing Advanced Placement tests in high school. A.P. credits can mean
fewer required classes.
Others who want to graduate in three years must pay for the same education as four-year students, but in a
shorter period of time.
Three-year graduates, though, can enter the job market sooner. That adds another year of wages to their
lifetime earnings.
In two thousand five, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, began a program called "Degree in Three."
Students take full loads of classes, including two or three summers.
Cindy Marini, assistant director of academic advising, says twenty-eight programs currently offer a bachelor's
degree in three years. These include business and nursing. As of March, about fifty of the eighteen thousand
students at Ball State were taking part in the Degree in Three program.
Students in the three-year program at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, take more classes each semester
than the other students. But the cost for a year is the same for all, more than fifty thousand dollars.
Bryan McNulty, the communications director, says Bates has offered a three-year bachelor's degree since the
nineteen sixties. But he says only one or two students usually choose it each year, and no one did in the
graduating class in May.
Still, other schools are preparing their own programs. These include Hartwick College in New York State and
the University of Houston-Victoria in Texas. And lawmakers in Rhode Island are considering a bill that would
require state schools to offer the choice of a three-year degree.
Week Four(2)
Objectives:
 After training:
 1. You should be able to take down what they
hear in a scientific way
 2. You should be able to take down what they
hear about who, what, when, where, why, how,
as well as figures.
 3. You should learn to take down what they hear
by analysing and summerizing, using words and
signs.

Training steps
 1.
Listening while counting from 100 to 1
repeatedly.
 2. Listening while shadowing and back
counting.
 3. Interpreting training.
Preparation
计算
 bar 禁止
 pre-existing health conditions既往病史
 coverage 保险（金）
 free coverage 免费保险
 Medicaid（医疗补助制度） program for the
poor 穷人医疗补助计划
 tallied
policies 私营保险
 insurance coverage 医保
 Enshrine 把……奉为神圣
 Private
Week Five(1)
 Objectives:
 You
will be trained to interpret sequentially
while listening the materials to improve your
interpreting ability
Training steps
 1.
Listening while counting from 100 to 1
repeatedly.
 2. Listening while shadowing and back
counting.
 3. Interpreting training.
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Americans are considering national education
standards recently developed by teachers and
other education experts. The National
Governors Association and the Council of Chief
State School Officers led the effort.
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The United States, unlike other nations, has
never had the same school standards across the
country. The reason? Education is not
discussed in the Constitution. That document
limits the responsibilities of the federal
government. Other responsibilities, like
education, fall to the individual states.
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Local control of education probably was a good
idea two hundred years ago. People stayed in
the same place and schools knew what
students needed to learn. But today, people
move to different cities. And some people work
at jobs that did not exist even twenty years ago.
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Many American educators say that getting a
good education should not depend on where
you live. They say that some states have
lowered their standards in order to increase
student scores on tests required by the No
Child Left Behind Act.
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最近，美国人正在考虑由教师和其他教育
专家拟订的国家教育标准。这项工作由全
国州长协会和各州教育长官委员会领导。
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和其他国家不同，美国从未有过全国统一
的学校标准。原因是什么呢？《宪法》并
没有讨论教育问题，宪法限制联邦政府的
职责。（宪法中没有讨论的）其它职责如
教育，交由各州政府履行。
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地方管理教育在两百年前可能是个好主
意。那时，人们待在同一个地方，学校知
道学生需要学什么。但在今天，人们会搬
到不同的城市，而（现在）有些人所从事
的工作，二十年前甚至都不存在。
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许多美国教育家表示，获得良好的教育不
应该取决于你住在哪里。他们称，有些州
为了在《不让一个孩子掉队法案》所要求
的测试中提高学生分数，而降低其标准。
Kara Schlosser is communications director for the
Council of Chief State School Officers. She says
the new standards clearly state what a student
should be able to do to be successful in
 Kara Schlosser是各州教育长官委员会的
 通联总监（译注：通联总监负责内外沟通
 与联络） 。她表示，新标准明确阐述了一
 个学生应具备什么（素质）才能在大学和
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college and work.
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The standards deal with language and
mathematics in every grade from kindergarten
through high school. For example, in first
grade, students should be asking and
answering questions about something they
read.
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In mathematics, students should be working
with shapes in kindergarten and angles in
fourth grade.
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Forty-eight states have already shown approval
for the standards. Two states reject the idea.
Critics say that working toward the same
standards in every state will not guarantee
excellence for all. Some educators in
Massachusetts say adopting the proposal will
hurt their students because the state standards
are even higher. Others say the change will be
too costly, requiring new textbooks and
different kinds of training for teachers. Still
others fear federal interference or control.
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Supporters say the standards are goals and do
not tell states or teachers how to teach. They
also say the federal government is not forcing
acceptance. However, approving the standards
will help states qualify for some federal grant
money.

工作中取得成功。
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新标准涉及从幼儿园到高中每个年级的
语言和数学。例如，一年级学生应能对他
们阅读的材料提出和回答问题。
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在数学方面，幼儿园学生应该能描述各种
形状（译注：如圆形、方形） ，而四年级
学生应该会测量角度。
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四十八个州已表示赞成新标准。两个州表
示反对。批评人士指出，让每个州都实行
统一的标准并不能保证所有人都优秀。马
萨诸塞州的一些教育家表示，采纳这个建
议会伤害他们的学生，因为他们州的标准
甚至更高。另一些人表示，这项变革的成
本太高，不仅要用新课本，还要对教师进
行各类培训。当然，还有一些人担心联邦
政府的干涉和控制。
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支持者称，新标准是总体目标，而不是告
诉各州或教师如何教学。他们还表示，联
邦政府并没有强迫他们接受。然而，赞成
新标准会有助于州政府有资格得到联邦
补助金。
Week Five(2)
 Objectives:
 You
will be trained to interpret sequentially
while listening the materials to improve your
interpreting ability, using logic in inferring
what is spoken.
Steps
 1.
Shadowing exercises: listen--backcounting—repeating with some time-lag
 2. Interpreting training
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This week, leaders of the top industrial and developing economies gathered in
the eastern United States. They met in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for a summit
on the world's financial future. Leaders of the Group of Twenty have now met
three times in less than a year to deal with the worst recession since the
nineteen thirties.
Many of their governments have used spending programs to inject five trillion
dollars into their economies. These stimulus efforts have had some success.
Now, the question is how and when to withdraw that support without harming a
recovery, and how to avoid a repeat of the financial crisis.
The leaders agreed to make the G20 the main group for their international
economic cooperation, instead of the G8. The G20 is nineteen countries and
the European Union. It includes fast-growing economies in the developing
world like China, India and Brazil.
Earlier this week, world leaders attended the United Nations General Assembly
in New York. President Obama, in a speech on Wednesday, sought to distance
himself from some of the policies of George W. Bush.
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BARACK OBAMA: "Those who used to chastise America for acting alone in the world
cannot now stand by and wait for American to solve the world's problems alone. We have
sought in word and deed for a new era of engagement with the world."
On Thursday, the Security Council approved a resolution to increase efforts toward a
world without nuclear weapons. All fifteen members voted for the resolution proposed by
the United States.
The five permanent members are the United States, Britain, China, France and Russia.
Those five plus Germany have been preparing to meet with Iranian negotiators on
October first to discuss Iran's nuclear program.
On Friday, there were new demands for Iran to follow Security Council resolutions to halt
nuclear enrichment. The American, British and French leaders announced that Iran has
been secretly building a second enrichment center for several years.
American officials say the information was made public after Iran discovered that Western
intelligence agencies knew about the facility. Iran informed the International Atomic
Energy Agency in Vienna earlier this week.
Enriched uranium can be used as fuel for nuclear energy -- as Iran says -- or it can be
used for nuclear bombs. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said, "If by December, there is
not an in-depth change by the Iranian leaders, sanctions will have to be taken."
In New York, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said President Obama will regret
saying that Iran has been building a secret facility. He said Iran met I.A.E.A. rules by
informing the agency early enough that the facility was being built. Russia and China both
urged Iran to cooperate with the U.N. nuclear agency on any investigation.
Week Seven(1)
 Objectives:
 You
will be trained to interpret sequentially
while listening the materials to improve your
interpreting ability, trying to group sentence
groups into a semantic trunk and then
interpreting it.
Steps
 1.
Shadowing exercises: listen--group the
words you hear into a sense group
(connected sense groups) at a time--repeat
with some time-lag
 2. Interpreting numbers training
 3. Interpreting training: topic health
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The World Health Organization says it expects the first anti-Swine Flu vaccines to be available in
September. WHO says clinical trials to test their efficacy and safety are going on in five countries.
The World Health Organizations says vaccine manufacturers are on track to develop a vaccine for the
H1N1 virus, commonly known as swine flu. It says more than 400 shipments of different viruses
[vaccine viruses are the starting materials that the manufacturers need to produce vaccines] have been
made to all manufacturers and some of the experimental vaccines are now being used in clinical trials.
Director of WHO's Initiative for Vaccine Research, Marie-Paule Kieny, says some of the batches also
are likely to be used in future vaccination campaigns. She says clinical trials of vaccine candidates are
going on in China, Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany and the U.S. And, she expects more clinical
trials of other vaccines will begin in other countries in the coming days.
"For the clinical trials who have started in July already, we should have early results during September,
during the first half of September," Kieny said. "So, we will know after these clinical trials whether one or
two doses will be needed. And, this will also give confirmation that the formulation that the vaccine
manufacturers are using are indeed immunogenic and likely to give protection against the pandemic
virus."
Dr. Kieny says media rumors that the quick development of vaccines makes them unsafe, in most
cases, are unfounded. She says no vaccine carries zero risks. Some minor side effects are to be
expected. She says occasionally someone might have a severe reaction to a vaccine. But, this only
occurs in very rare cases.
"So, there is no doubt that if and when there will be very large-scale vaccination campaigns, there will
be people who will have adverse events," Kieny said. "But, the large majority of those will not be
associated at all with the vaccine, which is given. It will be temporarily associated, which means it is
something which would have happened anyway, but, which just by chance happened after the person
has had a vaccine. "
Kieny says the vaccine might cause fever, or pain, nausea, diarrhea or fainting in some people. She
says national regulatory authorities will closely monitor all sickness and adverse effects to see whether
these side effects are linked to the vaccine or are just coincidental.
If pharmaceutical companies operate at full capacity, she says they could produce 94 million doses of
the vaccine a week.
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The H1N1 flu virus that has spread around the world is especially risky for pregnant women. If
they become infected, especially after the first three months of pregnancy, they can get very sick
or even die. Cases of fetal death have also been reported.
Pregnant women face an increased risk even during outbreaks of seasonal influenza. But the new
H1N1 flu has been affecting a younger age group than seasonal flu epidemics.
The W.H.O. says pregnant women should take the antiviral drug Tamiflu as soon as possible after
they show signs of illness. The drug is also called oseltamivir.
The agency says treatment should begin immediately and not wait for the results of laboratory
tests. The effect are greatest when given within forty-eight hours. But experts say the medicine
could still do some good even if there is a delay.
Since April, more than one thousand deaths have been reported from the H1N1 virus, commonly
called swine flu. But so far the virus has not shown itself to be more severe than seasonal flu.
The World Health Organization has predicted that the H1N1 virus will infect at least two billion
people in the next two years. Agency chief Margaret Chan has expressed concern there is not a
good process in place to produce enough vaccine against the virus.
In the United States, there are now guidelines for the use of H1N1 vaccine when it becomes
available. An advisory committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said there
are five groups that should be vaccinated first.
These include pregnant women and people who live with or care for children younger than six
months. They also include workers in health care and emergency services, and people between
six months and twenty-four years of age.
The fifth group on the list is people twenty-five to sixty-four with chronic health problems.
If vaccine supplies are limited, then the committee says two groups of children should be
vaccinated before other children. One group is those who are six months to four years old. The
other is those five to eighteen with chronic medical conditions.
In April, after the first cases in the United States, officials told schools to close at the first sign of
an H1N1 outbreak. The government later eased those warnings. Since then officials have been
reported working on final guidelines for when schools should close.
Week Ten(Interpreting for tourism)
Objectives:
 After training:
 1. You are expected to acquire interpreting
knowledge and skills for tourism industry.
 2. You are expected to acquire knowledge and
skills for interpreting for tourism industry through
step-by-step practice.
 3. You students are expected to expand their
vocabulary to the area tourism.
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Week Eleven (Interpreting for Agriculture)
Objectives: After this training
1. You are expected to acquire interpreting
knowledge and skills for Agriculture.
2. The students are expected to expand their
vocabulary to the area of agriculture.
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This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.
Florida, in the southeastern United States, is called the Sunshine State. It grows more oranges
than anyplace except Brazil. But Arctic air has damaged some Florida oranges and strawberries in
recent days, and killed fish at tropical fish farms.
The unusually long period of cold weather has shown how even warm climates can sometimes
freeze over. But protecting plants and trees in the garden may not be too difficult if you follow a few
suggestions.
Ice protects these oranges during an overnight freeze last week in Apopka, FloridaSudden
cold can be the biggest threat, especially after a warm period. Plants have not had a chance to
harden their defenses. Those that are actively growing or flowering are at high risk.
Try to choose plants that live best with cold weather, and planting areas that face west and south.
Being near other growth may also provide warmth.
Most frost damage takes place at night. Ice crystals form on the leaf surface. They pull moisture
from the leaves and keep plant tissues from getting water.
Cold weather is most likely to damage or kill plants that do not have enough moisture. So keep the
garden watered. Moist soil absorbs more heat than loose, dry soil covered with mulch or vegetation.
University of Arizona extension experts say covering plants and small trees with cloth or paper can
help prevent frost damage. A one-hundred watt light bulb designed for outdoor use can also provide
warmth. Some people place Christmas lights on young trees for warmth. The bulbs should hang
below the leaves to let the heat rise into the tree.
Cold is especially dangerous to citrus trees. Agricultural specialists at the University of California
suggest putting paper or cloth around the trunk and central branches of young citrus trees.
In Florida, as temperatures fell to record lows, citrus growers sprayed water on their trees to help
prevent freeze damage.
Jim Bottcher is a master gardener with the University of Florida extension. He explains that as the
water freezes, it produces heat, and the ice forms a protective blanket around the tree. If you spray
a tree, keep the water away from nearby power lines. Heavy ice can form and break them.
You can also wrap a tree in palm tree frond leaves, cornstalks or fiberglass. Adding plastic film
works well in rain and snow. But experts say plastic alone does not help much.
And that's the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson. More gardening
and agricultural advice is at 51voa.com. I'm Bob Doughty.
Week Twelve(Interpreting for
Trade)
 Objective:
 After
training:
 1. You are expected to acquire interpreting
knowledge and skills for trade.
2. You are expected to expand their
vocabulary to the area of trade.
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This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
Recently the United States Supreme Court decided a big case about political speech. The question was this: With
political speech, do corporations have the same rights as people?
By a vote of five to four, the conservative majority on the court decided yes. Companies, labor unions and other
organizations may now spend as they wish on independent efforts to elect or defeat candidates.
The ruling is based on the idea in the United States and many other countries that a corporation is a legal person.
Historian Jeff Sklansky says a slow shift to personhood for American companies began with a Supreme Court ruling in
eighteen nineteen. It said states cannot interfere with private contracts creating corporations.
In the ruling, Chief Justice John Marshall described a corporation as an "artificial being" that is a "creature of the law."
The ruling was unpopular. It came as Americans resisted big corporations like the First Bank of the United States,
chartered by Congress. Some states passed laws permitting themselves to change or even cancel corporate charters.
After the Civil War in the eighteen sixties, the Fourteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution. It provides that no
state may "deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law ... " If a corporation is legally a
person, then states cannot limit corporate rights without due process of law either.
At first, corporations were not fully recognized as persons. But Jeff Sklansky at Oregon State University says that
changed.
JEFF SKLANSKY: "The general direction of the Supreme Court and the federal courts in general was to recognize
corporations as persons with the same Fourteenth Amendment rights as individuals."
Yet corporations have a right that real people do not: limited liability. For example, a corporation can face civil or criminal
fines and individual lawbreakers can go to jail. But limited liability means the actions of a corporation are not the
responsibility of its shareholders.
Jeff Sklansky says the nineteenth century development of limited liability helped shape the modern corporation.
JEFFREY SKLANSKY: "That is also crucial to allowing corporations a kind of independent personhood and separating
ownership from control or ownership from management. So [the idea is] that I can invest in a corporation without
becoming liable for all its debts. That's a really big deal. Without it, anything like the modern stock market, I'd say, is
impossible."
And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. Next week, more on corporations and the
law. I'm Steve Ember.
Week Thirteen (Interpreting for Economy)
 Objectives:
After this training:
 1. You are to be expected to acquire
interpreting knowledge and skills for
Economy.
 2. You are expected to expand their
vocabulary to the area of economic
development.
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This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
European Union officials agreed on a debt rescue plan this week. They also got a message from
Britain's new governing parties.
WILLIAM HAGUE: "It was not difficult to agree between us that neither party is in favor of handing any
more powers to the European Union."
That was William Hague, the new foreign secretary. In last Thursday's elections, the Conservatives won
the most seats in parliament but not a majority. So they and the Liberal Democrats have formed
Britain's first coalition government since World War Two.
Gordon Brown resigned late Tuesday as prime minister. His Labor Party held power for thirteen years,
the last three under him.
In his place moves David Cameron of the Conservative Party. At forty-three he is Britain's youngest
head of government since eighteen twelve. Nick Clegg of the Liberal Democrats is his deputy.
Their new government will have to deal with Britain's own debt crisis. The budget deficit is about twelve
percent of the economy. David Cameron has promised nine billion dollars in budget cuts as a start.
Both parties agreed to make no proposal for Britain to join the sixteen countries that use the euro.
Markets have eased since Monday's announcement of a nearly one trillion dollar rescue plan. It
involves loans, debt guarantees and other support to euro area countries with heavy debts. Some of the
money will come from the International Monetary Fund.
Olli Rehn, the E.U. monetary affairs commissioner, said the debt crisis is a serious threat.
OLLI REHN: "This has clearly been a systemic challenge for financial stability in the euro area. It is not
an attack on one or another individual member states. It is a threat to financial stability of the euro area
and the European Union."
The crisis in Greece has threatened to spread to other countries and has led to protests and violence
over spending cuts. But now, interest rates for borrowing by troubled countries like Greece and Portugal
have fallen sharply.
Many people blamed the Greek crisis for the sudden drop in American stock markets last Thursday. It
may have played a part. But this week, officials told Congress they were still investigating the causes of
the so-called flash crash.
Major stock exchanges have agreed to develop a plan to prevent a disorderly market like that again.
The idea is to slow trading in a coordinated way.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell nearly one thousand points in minutes, then largely recovered.
The plunge renewed debate about the risks of electronic exchanges and high-speed computer trading
systems.
And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.

Premier Zhu Rongji at a press conference

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTEyOTY2Mjg=_type_99.html

2010 Premier Wen
Jiabao at the press
conference

2010 Premier Wen
Jiabao meeting the
press conference

http://www.tudou.com/prog
rams/view/OPgjRBjaWNw/

http://www.56.com/w39/pla
y_album-aid-5714749_vidNDIwOTc4Nzc.html
Week Fourteen
(Interpreting for international relations)
 Objectives:
After this training:
 1. You are expected to acquire interpreting
knowledge and skills for international
relations.
 2.You are expected to expand their
vocabulary to the area of international
relations.

http://v.youku.com/v_s
how/id_XNzY1NTMwM
zI=.html

http://www.56.com/u11
/v_NDk5OTc3ODY.htm
l
Week Fifteen
(Interpreting for cultural exchanges)
 Objectives:
 After
this training;
 1. You are expected to acquire interpreting
knowledge and skills for cultural exchanges.
 2. The students are expected to expand
their vocabulary to the area of culture.

VOICE ONE:
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Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA. I'm Faith Lapidus. This Thursday is a day for families and friends to share a special holiday meal and think about what they are
thankful for. This week on our program, we ask some people to share their favorite memories of Thanksgiving Day.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Special English reporters June Simms and Dana Demange talked to people about the holiday.
JIM OLDHAM: "My name is Jim Oldham and I'm from Nashville, Tennessee. I remember my father drove a bus and my mother was a waitress, and so we often
didn't get to have Thanksgiving together. And I remember when I was about twelve, her work and his work permitted us all to do that. And we had brothers and
sisters, and the traditional turkey and all the trimmings. We always had pumpkin pie, and if we were really lucky, a little bit of whipped cream on top. And it was
just a wonderful day."
ANN GEIGER: "I'm Ann Geiger from Tucson, Arizona. Thanksgiving is special for our family because like so many families our adult children live around the
country. And we usually get at least part of them together for Thanksgiving."
REPORTER: "And what is one of your fondest Thanksgiving Day memories?"
ANN GEIGER: "Oh, I think a recent Thanksgiving when my son and I had a turkey cook-off. He brined his turkey and I didn't brine mine. And we decided which
one was the best."
REPORTER: "Who won?"
ANN GEIGER: "He did."
VOICE ONE:
Brining is a way to prepare meat in a salt solution, whether for a competitive "cook-off" or just any meal. Traditionally the meat served on Thanksgiving is turkey.
The bird is usually served with side dishes including a mixture known either as stuffing or dressing.
Many families also bring out their finest table settings -- the "good china" -- for Thanksgiving.
JOEL UPTON: "My name is Joel Upton. I'm from Livingston, Tennessee. Thanksgiving at my family was always a time when brothers and sisters, aunts and
uncles, cousins, we all got together. And someone would bring different dishes. Someone would bring the sweet potatoes. Someone would bring the meat.
Someone would bring the dressing. And we would all sort of combine the efforts to have a family Thanksgiving dinner and bring out the good china for that
particular event.
And Thanksgiving also, in my early days when I was a child, the kids would all get to play, maybe we hadn't seen each other for a while. The men would always
watch a football game on TV. And Thanksgiving was just a really, really special time. And, of course, we had in mind the Pilgrims and what it was all about too.
But it was a family time."
VOICE ONE:
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The Pilgrims first arrived in America in sixteen twenty. They were separatists from the Church of England and other settlers. The ship that brought the first group
was the Mayflower.
An exploring party landed at Plymouth, in what became the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The state is named after an American Indian tribe -- a recognition
of the groups that came long before the Pilgrims.
The first Pilgrims established a village. Those who survived the first difficult years held harvest festivals and religious celebrations of thanksgiving. These events
formed the basis of the holiday that Americans now celebrate.
But there are no official "rules" for a Thanksgiving meal. Some people like to find ways to do things a little differently.
BUTCH HUNSINGER: "Butch Hunsinger from Williamsport, Pennsylvania.“
REPORTER: "The bird. What are you going to do differently this year?"
BUTCH HUNSINGER: "Try to shoot it myself, instead of go to the store to buy it. Go to the family cabin, and hunt on the family land and try to call in a turkey and
fire away."
REPORTER: "And who's the better shot in the family?"
BUTCH: "Oh my son, by far."
REPORTER: "What about your worst Thanksgiving memory?"
BUTCH: "Worst...[Laughter] The worst was also the funnest, 'cause I got up early Thanksgiving day and we went to the Burwick Marathon, but it's a nine-mile road
race. Just a crusher." [Laughter]
HUGUETTE MBELLA: "Hi, my name is Huguette Mbella. And I was born in Cameroon and grew up in France. And I live now in the United States in Washington,
D.C. The whole concept of Thanksgiving was a little bit bizarre. In France, the main celebration is Christmas, not Thanksgiving."
REPORTER: "Can you think of one of your most fond Thanksgiving memories?"
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HUGUETTE MBELLA: "I would say my first one. It was in New York. Suddenly the turkey comes on the table, and I was amazed by the size. It was huge! The first thing that
came to my mind was actually that's a lot of food!"
ELIZABETH BRINKMAN: "My name is Elizabeth Brinkman and I'm from Cleveland, Ohio. It was always a day that my mother did all the cooking. And we had turkey and I got
to chop the vegetables for the dressing. And we got out the good china."
GORDON GEIGER: "Gordon Geiger from Tucson, Arizona. We used to get together at my parents' house and all of my relatives would come over and we'd have a big
dinner. And after dinner we would watch football games on the television.
I think it's probably really the most important holiday in the United States because it is a day that is not tied to a particular religion. It is not tied as much to commercial
activities. It's more a reflection of the fact that we've had a good life and we appreciate it."
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
This Thanksgiving, Americans can be thankful that the Great Recession may be over. But the job market faces a long recovery. Unemployment is now above ten percent.
And if the underemployed are added, the rate is seventeen and a half percent. The underemployed are people no longer searching for work or only able to find part time jobs.
Last week, the United States Department of Agriculture released its "household food security" report for two thousand eight. The study found that families in seventeen
million households had difficulty getting enough food at times during the year. That was almost fifteen percent -- up from eleven percent in two thousand seven. It was the
highest level since the current surveys began in nineteen ninety-five.
The Agriculture Department says poverty is the main cause of food insecurity and hunger in the United States.
President Obama, in a statement, called the report unsettling. Especially troubling, he said, is that there were more than five hundred thousand families in which a child
experienced hunger multiple times during the year.
He said the first task is to renew job growth, but added that his administration is taking other steps to prevent hunger. These include an increase in aid for people in the
government's nutrition assistance program, commonly known as food stamps.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
The Continental Congress wrote the first national Thanksgiving proclamation in seventeen seventy-seven, during the Revolutionary War. George Washington issued the first
presidential Thanksgiving proclamation in seventeen eighty-nine. Here is part of what he wrote.
READER:
Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and
favor -- and whereas both houses of Congress have by their joint committee requested me "to recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving
and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish
a form of government for their safety and happiness."
Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the twenty-sixth day of November next to be devoted by the people of these states to the service of that great and
glorious being, who is the beneficent author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be ...
VOICE ONE:
Sarah Josepha Hale was a magazine editor and writer who campaigned for a Thanksgiving holiday. That way, there would be "two great American national festivals," she
said, the other being Independence Day on the Fourth of July.
In September of eighteen sixty-three, Sarah Josepha Hale appealed to President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln had made proclamations in the spring of eighteen sixty-two and
sixty-three. But these gave thanks for victories in battle during the Civil War.
Then came another proclamation on October third, eighteen sixty-three. It gave more general thanks for the blessings of the year. This is part of what it said:
READER:
In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign states to invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been
preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military
conflict, while that theater has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union.
Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defense have not arrested the plow, the shuttle, or the ship; the ax has
enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. ...
I do therefore invite my fellow-citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and
observe the last Thursday of November next as a day of thanksgiving and praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens.
VOICE ONE:
Lincoln's proclamation began a tradition. Presidents have issued Thanksgiving proclamations every year since eighteen sixty-three. All can be found on the Web site of the
Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth.
In nineteen forty-one, Franklin Roosevelt was president. Roosevelt approved a resolution by Congress. It established, by law, the fourth Thursday in November as
Thanksgiving Day.
(MUSIC)
Our program was produced by Caty Weaver. I'm Faith Lapidus. Join us again next week for THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English.
Week Sixteen (Interpreting for sciences)
 Objectives:
 After
this training:
 1. You are expected to acquire interpreting
knowledge and skills for sciences.
 2. The students are expected to expand
their vocabulary to the area of scientific
terms.
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This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Faith Lapidus.
BOB DOUGHTY: And I'm Bob Doughty. The work and theories of Sigmund Freud continue to influence many areas of modern culture.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Today, we explore Freud's influence on the treatment of mental disorders through psychotherapy.
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BOB DOUGHTY: Sigmund Freud was born May sixth, eighteen fifty-six, in Moravia, in what is now the Czech Republic. He lived most of his life in Vienna,
Austria. Early in his adulthood, Freud studied medicine. By the end of the nineteenth century, he was developing some exciting new ideas about the human
mind. But his first scientific publications dealt with sea animals, including the sexuality of eels.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Freud was one of the first scientists to make serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities based in the brain that
involve how we act, think, feel and reason.
He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams to search for the causes of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis. He wanted to
see if putting patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease troubled minds. In most cases he found the effects only temporary.
Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy. His method involved sitting with his patients and listening to them talk. He had them talk about
whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to be expressed. There could be no holding back because of fear
or guilt.
BOB DOUGHTY: Freud believed that all the painful memories of childhood lay buried in the unconscious self.? He said this part of the mind contains
wishes, desires and experiences too frightening to recognize.
He thought that if these memories could somehow be brought into the conscious mind, the patient would again feel the pain. But this time, the person would
experience the memories as an adult. The patient would feel them, be able to examine them and, if successful, finally understand them.
Using this method, Freud reasoned, the pain and emotional pressure of the past would be greatly weakened. They would lose their power over the person's
physical health. Soon the patient would get better.
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FAITH LAPIDUS: Sigmund Freud proposed that the mind was divided into three parts: the id, the ego and the superego. Under this theory, the superego
acts as a restraint. It is governed by the values we learn from our parents and society. The job of the superego is to help keep the id under control.
The id is completely unconscious. It provides the energy for feelings that demand the immediate satisfaction of needs and desires.
The ego provides the immediate reaction to the events of reality. The ego is the first line of defense between the self and the outside world. It tries to
balance the two extremes of the id and the superego.
BOB DOUGHTY: Many of Freud's theories about how the mind works also had strong sexual connections. These ideas included what he saw as the
repressed feelings of sons toward their mothers and daughters toward their fathers.
If nothing else, Freud's ideas were revolutionary. Some people rejected them. Others came to accept them. But no one disputes his great influence on the
science of mental health.
Professor James Gray at American University in Washington, D.C. says three of Freud's major ideas are still part of modern thinking about the mind.
One is the idea of the unconscious mind. Another is that we do not necessarily know what drives us to do the things we do. And the third is that we are
formed more than we think in the first five years, but not necessarily the way Freud thought.
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FAITH LAPIDUS: Doctor Freud was trained as a neurologist. He treated disorders of the nervous system. But physical sickness can hide deeper problems.
His studies on the causes and treatment of mental disorders helped form many ideas in psychiatry. Psychiatry is the area of medicine that treats mental and
emotional conditions.
Freud would come to be called the father of psychoanalysis.
BOB DOUGHTY: Psychoanalysis is a method of therapy. It includes discussion and investigation of hidden fears and conflicts.
Sigmund Freud used free association. He would try to get his patients to free their minds and say whatever they were thinking. He also had them talk about
their dreams to try to explore their unconscious fears and desires.
His version of psychoanalysis remained the one most widely used until at least the nineteen fifties.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Psychoanalysis is rarely used in the United States anymore. One reason is that it takes a long time; the average length of treatment is
about five years. Patients usually have to pay for the treatment themselves. Health insurance plans rarely pay for this form of therapy.
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Psychoanalysis has its supporters as well as its critics. Success rates are difficult to measure. Psychoanalysts say this is because each individual case
is different.
BOB DOUGHTY: More recently, a number of shortened versions of psychological therapy have been developed. Some examples are behavior therapy,
cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Behavior is actions; cognition is knowing and judging.
Some patients in therapy want to learn to find satisfaction in what they do. Others want to unlearn behaviors that only add to their problems.
In these therapies, patients might talk with a therapist about the past. Or patients might be advised to think less about the past and more about the
present and the future.
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FAITH LAPIDUS: Other kinds of therapy involve movement, dance, art, music or play. These are used to help patients who have trouble talking about
their emotions.
In many cases, therapy today costs less than it used to. But the length of treatment depends on the problem. Some therapies, for example, call for
twenty or thirty visits with a therapist.
How long people continue their therapy can also depend on the cost. People find that health insurance plans are often more willing to pay for short-term
therapies than for longer-term treatments.
BOB DOUGHTY: Mental health experts say therapy can often help patients suffering from depression, severe stress or other conditions.
For some patients, they say, a combination of talk therapy and medication works best. There are many different drugs for depression, anxiety and other
mental and emotional disorders.
Critics, however, say doctors are sometimes too quick to give medicine instead of more time for talk therapy. Again, cost pressures are often blamed.
Mental health problems can affect work, school, marriage, and life in general. Yet they often go untreated. In many cases, people do not want others to
know they have a problem.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Mental disorders are common in all countries. The World Health Organization says hundreds of millions of people throughout the
world are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological or substance use disorders.
The W.H.O. says these disorders have major economic and social costs. Yet governments face difficult choices about health care spending. The W.H.O.
says most poor countries spend less than one percent of their health budgets on mental health.
There are treatments for most conditions. Still, the W.H.O. says there are two major barriers. One is lack of recognition of the seriousness of the problem.
The other is lack of understanding of the services that exist.
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BOB DOUGHTY: The father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, left Vienna soon after troops from Nazi Germany entered Austria in nineteen thirty-eight.
The Nazis had a plan to kill all the Jews of Europe, but they permitted Freud to go to England. His four sisters remained in Vienna and were all killed in
Nazi concentration camps.
Freud was eighty-three years old when he died of cancer in London on September twenty-third, nineteen thirty-nine. Anna Freud, the youngest of his six
children, became a noted psychoanalyst herself.
Before Sigmund Freud, no modern scientist had looked so deeply into the human mind.
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FAITH LAPIDUS: SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written and produced by Brianna Blake. I'm Faith Lapidus.
BOB DOUGHTY: And I'm Bob Doughty. You can download transcripts and audio archives of our programs at 51voa.com. Listen again next week for
more news about science, in Special English, on the Voice of America.